Bibliography

This section contains all the papers and books referred to in the text of the web site on Freshwater Fishes of Iraq but also attempts to be a bibliography on the freshwater fishes of Iraq and their environment. As such it includes items which mention fish and the environment in a general sense, in passing, or on topics not relevant here, and these articles may not be cited in the text. Some marine works are included as the species are known to enter the estuary of the Shatt Al-Arab.

A companion bibliography on the Freshwater Fishes of Iran is available at www.briancoad.com, on Turkey in Coad and Kuru (1986) and Fricke et al. (2007), on the whole Tigris-Euphrates basin in Coad and Al-Hassan (1989a), on Syria and the Levant in the works of F. Krupp, on the fishes of Saudi Arabia in the works of H. F. Alkahem and R. J. Behnke and those of F. Krupp, and on the marshes of Iraq at www.edenagain.org/bibliography/allbib.html. The present bibliography contains articles on neighbouring countries and on systematic studies in order to enable a reader to place the Iraqi fishes in context.

The large number of articles listed here, the length of many, their limited availability, and costs involved make it impossible to loan xeroxes except in restricted cases. Please use your interlibrary loan service.

Use of diacritical marks in various languages in this Bibliography may not always transfer across platforms. As a consequence, some diacritical marks can appear as gibberish letters (with apologies to colleagues in eastern Europe and Turkey).

Transliteration of personal names into English from other languages, notably Arabic and Farsi, often gives variant spellings. When I am aware that the same person is meant, the original journal spelling is given followed by (sic) to indicate that the author may appear under another spelling. The same (sic) is used to denote misspellings in titles.

Some of the Iraqi journals cited here were published later than their cover date. It was not always possible to track this, as some issues give true date of publication while others do not. This has comparatively little significance for fish articles except possibly for new parasite species descriptions, should any of these names have questions of publication priority.

Information derived from web sites is usually cited in the text. Some of these will be ephemeral but serve to document the information source. The date of download is given as well as the URL. In some cases where the URL is particularly long and involved, only an abbreviated URL is given to the general site. Some of these articles have authors, usually noted, others do not. Some articles listed in this Bibliography are taken from the website of a print journal; the web version does not always list print volume and pagination but the URL is given.

There is an extensive popular literature, many newspaper and magazine reports, and web articles on the marshes of southern Iraq. Only a selection of the more important or extensive of these are listed here as most are repetitive and contain no new information, nor useful information on fishes. There is also a popular and grey literature on Iraqi fishes but this could not be fully surveyed. Many university theses in Arabic were not available although their scientific content often became available later in journal publications. Conference proceedings are cited where known but many of these consist of only a brief abstract or just the title of a presentation. Some libraries in Iraq were destroyed and items like theses and conference proceedings may no longer be readily available.

Abaychi, J. and Al-Saad, H. T. 1988. Trace elements in fish from the Arabian Gulf and the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40(2):226-232.

Abaychi, J. K., Darmoian, S. A. and DouAbul, A. A. Z. 1988. The Shatt al-Arab River: A nutrient salt and organic matter source to the Arabian Gulf. Hydrobiologia, 166(3):217-224.

Abaychi, J. K. and Douabul, A. A. Z. 1985. Trace metals in Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Water Research, 19(4):457-462.

Abaychi, J. K. and Ghani, A. A. 1988. Seasonal variation in nutrients and other parameters in Khor Al-Zubair and Shatt Al-Bsrah Canal. In: Oceanography of Khor Al-Zubair. Marine Science Centre, Barsrah University, Publication, 7: 545 pp.

Abaychi, J. K., Jawad, A-H. M. and Majeed, A. A. 1993. The influence of low salinity discharge through the Shatt Al-Basrah canal on the hydrography of the Khor Al-Zubair, N.W. Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):209-224.

Abd, I. M. 2006. Fish fauna of southern Iraqi wetlands. Manuscript Report and PowerPoint Presentation, Ministry of the Environment, Baghdad, Iraq. 9 pp., 3 tables.

Abdl-Azez, S. and Al-Obadi, M. N. 2002. Immunization of fish (Cyprinus carpio) against infection with Aeromnas hydrophila. 27th World Veterinary Congress, September 25-29, 2002, Tunis (abstract 88).

Abdoli, A. 2000. The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. Iranian Museum of Nature and Wildlife, Tehran. 378 pp. In Farsi.

Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1989. Study of the parasites of freshwater fishes from Tigris River in Salah Al-Dien Province, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 98 pp. In Arabic.

Abdul-Hassan, J. K., Ahmed, H. K. and Abdul-Jabar, H. S. 1989. Effect of different levels of copper, cadmium and vanadium on the survival of Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(1-2):103-112.

Abdul-Hassan, S. A. and Kareem, D. K. 1989. Synergistic effect of some heavy metals and salinity on survival of Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(1-2):71-80.

Abdul-Kadar, A. A. 1994. Mosquito larvae in Basrah and the role of some predatory fishes in controlling them. M.Sc. Thesis, Basrah University. 90 pp. In Arabic.

Abdullah, A. A. M. and Ahmed, S. A. 1998. Effect of copper on ionic regulation and blood parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) juveniles. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 11(1):39-44.

Abdullah, A. A. M. and Al-Ali, M. F. M. 2001. Effect of copper and lead metals on the survival rates of common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) juveniles. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):459-474. In Arabic.

Abdullah, J. N. 2004. Productive biology of two Belonidae species in Shatt Al-Arab estuary, southern Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 17(2):265-277.

Abdullah, S. B. 1981. Age and growth of gattan, Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel) and shabbut Barbus grypus (Heckel) in Habbaniyah Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 1990. Survey of the parasites of fishes of Dokan Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Salahaddin, Erbil. 115 pp. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S .M. A. 1998a. First record of five species of Myxobolus of some fishes from Dokan Lake. Zanco, Special Issue 1, Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of University of Salahaddin. Erbil, 3-4 June 1997, p. 14-21. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 1998b. A study about the parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis in fish. Zanco, Special Issue 2, Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of the University of Salahaddin. Erbil. 3-4 June 1997, p. 69-78. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 2000. Isolation of some parasites in samples of fishes taken from Erbil's market. Journal of Dohuk University, 3(1):1-6. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 2002. Ecology, taxonomy and biology of some parasites of fishes from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Ph. D. Thesis, Ibn Al-Haitham, University of Baghdad. 153pp. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 2004. Comparison between the parasitic infections of fishes caught in two of each of small natural habitats and fish farms in Erbil city. Zanco, 16(4):43-50. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 2005. Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Darbandikhan Lake, north of Iraq. Journal of Dohuk University, 8(1):29-35.

Abdullah, S. M. A. 2006. The inhabitant fishes in Dokan Lake in north of Iraq and methods for developing their culturing. 2nd International Scientific Congress for Environment, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, 28-30 March 2006, p. 68-78. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M .A. and Ali, L. A. 1999. Effects of sex and length of Barbus esocinus from Dokan Lake, and seasons of the year on the infection with Neoechinorhynchus rutili. Zanco, 11(1): 17-25. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Ismail, T. F. 2004. Observations on the anchor worm Lernaea cyprinacea L. parasite of freshwater fishes in Kurdistan of Iraq. Zanco, 16(2):25-34. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2000. Literature review and checklists of monogenetic trematodes parasitizing freshwater fishes of Iraq. 2nd Scientific Conference, Biology Department, College of Education (Ibn-Haitham), University of Baghdad, 10-12 October 2000.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2002. Some physico-chemical properties of water of Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Journal of Basrah University, 28(4):13-23. In Arabic.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2003. The ecology of Ergasilus barbi (Copepoda: Crustacea) parasitizing gills of Barbus luteus from Greater Zab rivers in north of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (Special Issue), 8(1):141-147.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2004. Parasitic infections with monogenetic trematodes on fishes of Lesser Zab and Greater Zab Rivers in northern Iraq. Zanco, 16(4):43-52.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2005. Myxobolus infections of the cyprinid fishes from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers, north of Iraq with the record of seven species of Myxobolus for the first time in Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 18(1):1-14.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2005. The first record of three species of Dogielius (Monogenea) from cyprinid fishes from Greater Zab river, north of Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 18(3):7-12.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2006. Parasitic infections with Protozoa and Crustacea on fishes of Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers, north of Iraq. Proceeding of the 4th Scientific Conference College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, 20-21 September 2006, 1:51-58.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2006. Effects of sex and length of Cyprinus carpio from Lesser Zab River in northern Iraq, and seasonal variations on the infection with some parasites. Raf. J. Sci., 17(9):1-9.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Rasheed, A.-R. A.-M. 2004. Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Dokan Lake, North of Iraq. I. Ectoparasites. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 17(1):34-46.

Abdullah, S. M. A. and Rasheed, A.-R. A.-M. 2004. Parasitic fauna of some freshwater fishes from Dokan Lake, North of Iraq. II: Endoparasites. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 17(5):1-12.

Abdullah, S. S. 1990. An investigation of river load of the Shatt Al-Arab in Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 115 pp. In Arabic.

Abed, J. M. 1989. Age and growth Barbus sharpeyi Gunther 1874 in Al-Hammar marsh and Shatt Al-Arab river southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 176 pp. In Arabic.

Abid, H., Al-Wahib, A. A. and Jaber, E. 2005. Fish ecology in Al-Hweiz and Suq Al-Shyookh during the summer season. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Abou-Seedo, F. and Dadzie, S. 2004. Reproductive cycle in the male and female grey mullet, Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwaiti waters of the Arabian Gulf. Cybium, 28(2):97-104.

Abou-Seedo, F., Dadzie, S., Al-Kanaan, K. and Sukumaran, J. V. 2003. Aspects of reproductive biology of the hermaphroditic yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn (sic), 1782), in cages in Kuwait Bay. Zoology in the Middle East, 29:51-58.

Abou-Seedo, F., Otieno, M. J. and Dadzie, S. 2002. Length-weight relationship, condition factor and gonadosomatic index of Liza klunzingeri (Day, 1888) in Kuwait Bay: comparison of data from 1980s and 1990s. Zoology in the Middle East, 25:37-47.

Abu-Hakima, R. 1984a. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus spp. (Family: Sparidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 25:515-526.

Abu-Hakima, R. 1984b. Comparison of aspects of the reproductive biology of Pomadasys, Otolithes and Pampus spp. in Kuwaiti waters. Fisheries Research, 2(3):177-200.

Abu-Hakima, R., Elah, K. M. A. and El-Zahr, C. 1984. The reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus latus (Hottuyn) (sic) (Family: Sparidae) in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Technical Report, 1984:1-23.

Abulhani, A. J. and Al-Rudainy, A. J. 2000. Age and growth of gattan Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel) in Al-Qadisia Dam Lake. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 2:124-132. In Arabic.

Abulhani, A. J., Al-Rudainy, A. J. and Gata, A. J. 2002. Age and growth of bizz Barbus esocinus (Heckel) in Tigris River/Zaafaraniya. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):535-548. In Arabic.

Abulhani, A. J., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Ruhaij, A. M., Qate’a, A. J., Hussain, T. S. and Nia’ma, Y. J. 2004. Effect of chemical fertilization and supplementary feeding on growth of bunni Barbus sharpeyi in earthen ponds. Al-Anbar Journal for Agriculture Sciences, 2(1):270-275.

Abu-Rezq, T., Al-Abdul-Elah, K., Duremdez, R., Al-Marzouk, A. and Al-Shimmari, J. 2001. Larval growth and survival of blue-fin sea bream, Sparidentex hasta, fed on rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, treated with different enrichments and antibiotics. Aquaculture Canada 2001, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 6-9 May 2001, Poster Session (abstract).

Adams, C. G., Bayliss, D. D. and Whittaker, J. E. 1999. The terminal Tethyan event: A critical review of the conflicting age determinations for the disconnection of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, p. 477-484. In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp.

Adams, R. M. 1962. Agriculture and urban life in early southwestern Iran. Science, 136(3511):109-122.

Adler, K. 1989. Contributions to the History of Herpetology. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Contributions to Herpetology, Oxford, Ohio, 5:1-202.

Admiralty Naval Staff. 1918. Geology of Mesopotamia and its borderlands. Intelligence Department, Admiralty Naval Staff, HMSO, London (I. D. 1177). 116 pp.

Aharoni, I. 1936-1937. Données zoogéographiques sur la Faune de la Palestine et des Contrées adjacentes par rapport à celles de la Péninsule Ibèrique. XII Congrès International de Zoologie, Lisbonne, 15-21 Septembre 1935, 2:1132-1137.

Ahmad, T., Slaman (sic), N. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1983. Effects of some experimental conditions on the behaviour and survival of Liza abu (Heckel) from Basrah, Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science, Jeddah, 3:111-117.

Ahmad, T. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1982. Observations on the food of young Liza abu (Heckel) from Salihyia river (Basrah, Iraq). Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, Basrah, 1(1):79-88.

Ahmad, T. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1985. Studies on the limnology of three branches at Shatt Al-Arab river at Basrah, Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science, Jeddah, 4:57-64.

Ahmad, T. A., Salman, N. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1985. Effect of some laboratory controlled conditions on the survival of Liza abu (Heckel). Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 1985(6):125-131.

Ahmed, A. H. and Taher, M. M. 1988. Observations on the extensive and intensive cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio L. in Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 1:35-47.

Ahmed, A. H. and Taher, M. M. 1989. Growth of 0-group common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. in Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1):31-42.

Ahmed, H. A. 1982. Crowth (sic) of the cyprinid fish, Barbus luteus (Heckel) in Tharthar Reservoir, Iraq. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 5:3-15.

Ahmed, H. A. 1987. Fish Biology. Basrah University Press, Basrah. 279 pp. In Arabic.

Ahmed, H. A. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 1982. Some studies on the food of Ilisha elongata (Bennet) and Otolithes argenteus Cuvier and Valenciennes in the Arabian Gulf. Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, Basrah, 1(1):25-34.

Ahmed, H. A., Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Al-Adhub, A. H. Y. 1984. The reproductive biology of Carasobarbus luteus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Al-Hammar Marsh, Iraq. Cybium, 8(4):69-80.

Ahmed, H. A. A. 1974. Study on the age and growth of Barbus grypus Heckel and B. esocinus (Heckel) in Tharthar Reservoir, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad.

~Ahmed, H. A. R., Hindi, M. J. and Yesser, A-K. T. 1994. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of Barbus luteus from Al-Hammar Marsh. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(2)(1992):291-304. In Arabic.

~Ahmed, H. K., Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Kittan, S. A. S. 1990. Haematological study on the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., cultivated in Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(1 & 2):81-87.

Ahmed, S. M. 1990. Abundance and diversity of fish larvae in Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 90 pp. In Arabic.

Ahmed, S. M. 1994. Food and feeding habits of anchovy larvae (Thryssa mystax) in Khor Al-Zubair, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(1):67-77.

Ahmed, S. M. 1996. Osmotic and ionic status in fish inhabiting southern water bodies of Iraq with special reference to Mugilidae. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 145 pp. In Arabic.

Ahmed, S. M. 1998. Effect of ammonia on Na+, K+ and ammonia levels in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juvenils (sic). Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):337-344.

Ahmed, S. M. and Hussain, N. A.1998. Abundance and distribution of flat fish eggs and larvae in the estuarine parts of the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):307-315.

Ahmed, S. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2000a. Egg and larvae of mullets (Mugilidae) in the north western Arabian Gulf. Pakistan Journal of Marine Biology, 6(1):1-7.

Ahmed, S. M. and Hussain, N. A.2000b. Abundance and distribution of eggs and larvae of Clupeiformes in the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Science, 18(1):159-164.

Ahmed, S. M. and Hussain, N. A.2001. Abundance and distribution of fish eggs in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):201-207.

Ahmed, S. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2003. Spawning sites and migration routes of Liza subviridis and Liza carinata larvae in Iraqi marine waters. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(2):105-111.

Ahmed, S. M., Hussein, S. A. and. Al-Manshed, H. N. 2003. Ionic regulation and hemoglobin concentrations in carp (Carassius carassius) juveniles exposed to different levels of nitrate. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 1(1 & 2):1-5.

Ahmed, S. M., Salman, N. A. and Hashim, A. A. 2002. Osmotic regulation in Liza abu and Liza carinata (Pisces: Mugilidae) from estuaries of southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):293-304.

Ahmed, S. M., Saoud, H. A. and Al-Shami, E. J. 2002. Blood ammonia and sodium levels in Carassius carassius (Cyprinidae) in response to salinity changes. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):121-127.

Ahmed, S. S., Linden, A. L. and Cech, J. J. 1988. A rating system and annotated bibliography for the selection of appropriate, indigenous fish species for mosquito and weed control. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology, 13(1):1-59.

Ahmed, T. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1982. Observations on the food of young Liza abu (Heckel) from Salihyia River (Basrah, Iraq). Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, 1(1):79- 88.

Akpınar, M. A. 1999. Besinsel Yağ Asitlerinin ve Açlığın Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843'un Kas Dokusu Yağ Asidi Bileşimine Etkisi [Effect of dietary fatty acids and starvation on the fatty acid composition in the muscle tissue of Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23(3):309-317.

Akpınar, M. A. and Aksoytlar, M. Y. 1989. Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843'un Kas Dokusu Yağ Asidi Bileşiminin Sı Caklı Kla Ilişkişi [Relation to temperature of fatty acid composition in muscle tissue of Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, 1843]. Doğa Türk Biyoloji Dergisi, Ankara, 13(2):57-62.

Akşiray, F. 1948a. Türkische Cyprinodontiden, I. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B, 13(2):97-142.

Akşiray, F. 1948b. Über türkische Cyprinodontiden, II. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B, 13(2):280-310.

Akşiray, F. 1952. Genetical contributions to the systematical relationship of Anatolian cyprinodont fishes. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınlarından, B, 1(1):33-83.

Akşiray, F. 1955. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Formenkreises Aphanius dispar (Rüppel). İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Araştirma Enstitüsü Mecmuasi, B, 3:63-74, Taf. I-IV.

Al-Aaragy, M. J. 1996. Studies on the mass culture of some microalgae as food for fish larvae. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Aarajy, M. J. 2001. Some observations on an accident fish mortality in the north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):431-439.

Al-Abdul-Elah, K. M., Almatar, S., Abu-Rezq, T. and James, C. M. 2001. Development of hatchery technology for the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen): effect of microalgal species on larval survival. Aquaculture Research, 32(10):849-860.

Al-Abdul-Elah, K., El-Dakour, S., Dashti, T. and Amatar, S. 2001. The effects of different levels on salinity on egg hatching and larval survival of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Aquaculture Canada 2001, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 6-9 May 2001, Poster Session (abstract).

Al-Abood, A. Y. 1991. Studies on the blood haemoglobin and haematocrit of the silurid fish, Silurus triosteous (sic) in relation to weight. Rivista di Idrobiologia, 28(3)(1989):255-259.

Al-Abood, A. M. Y. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1988. Haemotocrit values in some fresh water fishes of Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1:31-34.

Al-Akel, A. S., Shamsi, M. J. K. and Al-Kahem, H. F. 1987. Selective feeding behaviour of the Arabian freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 19(3):211-215.

Al-Ali, R. M. 1995. Studies on production, chemical composition and functional properties of protein concentrates from needle fish, Hyporamphus gaimardi. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. In Arabic.

Al-Ali, R. M. and Jasim, M. A. 1999. Chemical composition and functional properties of protein concentrates from needle fish (Hyporamphus gaimardi) using (2) bromalein enzyme. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):409-425. In Arabic.

Al-Ali, R. M. and Jasim, M. A. 2000. Chemical composition and functional properties of protein concentrates from needle fish (Hyporamphus gaimardi) using (3) papain enzyme. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(1):251-265. In Arabic.

Al-Alousi, T. I., Al-Shaikh, S. M. J. and Abdul-Rahman, N. R. 1988. Incidence of metacercariae of Diplostomum Nordmann, 1832 in Iraqi freshwater fish. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 2(1):75.

A'lam, H. 1999a. (Fish). ii. Salt water fishes, p. 668-671. In: Yarshater, E. (Ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York. Volume IX, Fascicle 6. Festivals VIII-Fish.

A'lam, H. 1999b. (Fish). iii. In pre-Islamic Persian lore, p. 671-672. In: Yarshater, E. (Ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York. Volume IX, Fascicle 6. Festivals VIII-Fish.

Al-Alousi, T. I., Al-Shaikh, S. M. J. and Abdul-Rahman, N. R. 1988. Incidence of metacercariae of Diplostomum Nordmann, 1832 in Iraqi freshwater fish. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 2(1):75.

Al-Alusi, M. A. 1989. A study of alimentary canal helminths of some species of Iraqi fishes from Al-Qadissiya Dam Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 110 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Ani, M. Y. 1988. Water quality index for Tigris River classification. Journal of Biological Science Research, Baghdad, 19(3):715-733.

Al-Ani, M. Y., Al-Nakib, S. M., Ritha, N. M. and Nouri, A. M. 1987. Water quality index applied to the classification and zoning of Al-Jaysh Canal, Baghdad - Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 22(4):305-319.

Al-Annaz, R. M. 1979. Comparative studies on the biochemical composition and nutritive value of some economically important marine fishes. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul. 95 pp.

Al-Ansari, N. A., Salman, H. H. and Al-Sinawi, G. T. 1987. Periodicity of selected water quality parameters for the Tigris water at Baghdad. Journal of Water Resources, 6(2):38-64.

Al-Asadi, M. K. 1983. The regime of some nutrients in the Shatt Al-Arab River and number of its branches of the city of Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Asaddy, Y. D. 1996. Age, growth and food of mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) in a fish farm at Babylon Province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Al-Asfour, T. 1978. The marine terraces of Kuwait, pp. 245-254. In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.). The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age. Academic Press, London. xx + 384 pp.

Al-Asfour, T. A. 1981. The study of and a contribution to the geomorphology of the Arabian Gulf, p. 173-188. In: Clarke, J. I. and Bowen-Jones, H. (Eds.). Change and development in the Middle East. Methuen, London. xiii + 322 pp.

Al-Asha’ab, M. H., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Rashid, L. A. and Ahmad, A. M. 1999. The use of improved sunflower meal as a substitute to animal protein in the diet of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in earthen ponds. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(2):130-?.

Al-Asha’ab, M. H., Al- Shamma’a, A. A., Ali, M. H. and Mohammed, S. D. 2005. Substitution of yellow corn and barley by yellow corn germ meal in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diets in earthen ponds. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences (Research). 10(2):?.

Al-Asha’ab, M. H., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Sadak, H. L. and Mahsam, A. M. 2004. Preliminary study of using yellow corn germ meal in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diets. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 35(5):135-140.

Al-Asha'ab, M. H., Al-Shamma’a, A. A. and Sadak, H. L. 2005. The possibility of using yellow corn germ meal as a protein source in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diets. Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology, 2(1):39-51. In Arabic.

Al-Aswad, M. B., Abo-Alnaja, I. J., Salman, A. J. and Ahmed, N. H. 1980. Chemical and bacteriological study on some commercially important fish in Dukan Lake. I. Chemical study. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 6(3):81-98.

Al-Aubaidy, A. H. M. J. and Al-Hello, A. Z. A. A. 1996. Monthly variations of the nutrients and other related factors in Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(2):365-383.

Al-Azawi, A. H., Al-Rudainy, A. J., Abbas, L. M., Al-Shamma’a, A. A. and Razzuki, R. H. 2001. Adaptability of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to tolerate salt water through feeding on salt enriched diet. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 14(1):123-133. In Arabic.

Al-Badraan, A. A., Al-Badraan, B. and Al-Hello, A. Z. 1993. Ecological and sedimentological study of the fish culture basins in Khor Al-Zubair, NW Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):301- 318. In Arabic.

Albadran, B., Al-Manssory, F. and Al-Bahily, N. 2002. Erosion and sedimentation processes in the Shatt Al-Arab River, south of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):285-292.

Al-Badran, B. N. 1994. Sedimentological study of the fishing area at NW Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(2)(1992):275-290. In Arabic.

Al-Badran, B. N. 2004. Delta of River Shatt Al-Arab, south Iraq (sedimentological study). Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):311-322. In Arabic.

Al-Badran, R. 2005. Iraq's south and the ecological impact on water resources. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Al-Badri, M. E., Al-Daraji, S. A., Neshan, A. H. and Yesser, A. T. 1993. Studies on the swimming musculature of the Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Liza abu (Heckel, 1843). I. Fiber types. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):155-168.

~Al-Badri, M. E. H. and Al-Yasen, B. A. 1994. Liza carinata (Valenciennes). Marina Mesopotamica, 9(1):169-187.

Al-Badri, M. E. H., Mohamed, S. T. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1990. Proportion of red muscle fibers and variation in the vertebral column of some members of the family Cyprinidae. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(1):153-165. In Arabic.

Al-Badri, M. E., Salman, N. A. and Abdul-Kareem, H. M. 1995. The relationship between body form and the proportion of red muscle of some marine fish of the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(1):73-78.

Al-Badri, M. E. H., Yesser, A. K. T. and Al-Yassen, B. A. 1994. The chemical composition and proportion of red and white muscle of two mullet Liza subviridis & L. carinata from Khor Al-Zubair and Khor Abdullah, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(1)(1992):25-33.

Al-Badri, M. I., Yesser, A. K. T. and Al-Habbib, F. M. K. 1993. Chemical composition and nutritive value of the Iraqi fish. I. Chemical composition and nutritive value of cat fish Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843). Marina Mesopotamica, 6(1)(1991):92-100. In Arabic.

Al-Baharna, W. S. 1986. Fishes of Bahrain. Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Bahrain. 294 pp.

Al-Bakri, G. H. and Al-Sulami, A. 1989. Biochemical variation of Proteus strains isolated from Mugil fishes (Liza abu). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(1-2):267-274. In Arabic.

Al-Bayati, H. 1994. Destruction of the southern marshes, p. 141-146. In: Hazelton, F. (Ed.). Iraq since the Gulf War: Prospects for Democracy. Zed Books, London. 260 pp.

Al-Baz, A. F. and Grove, D. J. 1995. Population biology of sbour Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan) in Kuwait. Asian Fisheries Science, 8(3-4):239-254.

Al-Dabical, A. Y. and Al-Daham, N. K. 1995. The growth of Aspius vorax Heckel in the first year of age at Shatt Al-Basrah Canal. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):344-354. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1976. Fishes of Iraq and the Arab Gulf: Orders Squaliformes and Rajiformes. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 3:3-66.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1977. Fishes of Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. Volume 1. Squaliformes to Atheriniformes. Publication 9, Centre for Arab Gulf Studies, University of Basrah. 546 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1979. Fishes of Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. Volume 2. Order Beryciformes - Order Perciformes (Suborder Percoidei). University of Basrah Press, Basrah. 406 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1982. The ichthyofauna of Iraq and the Arab Gulf: A check-list. Publications of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 4:1-102.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1983. Facilities available for fish culture in Iraq. First Arabian Conference on Fish and Crustacean Aquaculture, Kuwait. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1984. Fishes of Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. Volume 3. Order Perciformes (Mugiloidei) to Tetraodontiformes. University of Basrah Press, Basrah. 358 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1985. Available possibilities for development of fish culture in Iraq. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, (1985)6:39-42. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1986a. Poisonous and venomous fishes of the Arab Gulf, p. 683-686. In: Uyeno, T., Arai, R., Taniuchi, T. and Matsuura, K. (Eds.). Indo-Pacific Fish Biology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific Fishes. The Ichthyological Society of Japan, Tokyo. xii + 985 pp.

Al-Daham, N. K. 1986. Development of the fisheries in the marsh area: Difficulties and solutions. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Development of the Marsh Area in Southern Iraq, Nasiriyah, 2-4 December 1986. 17 pp. In Arabic.

~Al-Daham, N. K. 1988. Development of fisheries in marshes, facts and solutions. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 20(2):85-97. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. 2001. The present and potential impacts of water deficiency on Iraqi environment and suggested solutions with emphasis on fisheries resources. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):475-487. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K., Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. and Wahab, N. K. 1991. The influence of stocking density on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the earthen brackish water ponds in Basrah. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(1,2):199-207. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Noor, S. S. 2000. Reproductive biology of the spotted mudskipper, Periophthalmus waltoni Koumans, 1941 (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):425-437.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Seyab, A. A. 2000. Feeding habits of the mesopotamic silurid catfish, Silurus triostegus Heckel, in Lake Hammar, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):325-335.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Seyab, A. A. 2001. Reproductive biology of the silurid catfish Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 in Lake Hammar, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):47-58.

~Al-Daham, N. K., Al-Shamma’a, A. A. and Shawardi, A. A. 2002. Seasonal changes in the diet of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel, 1843) from the reservoir of Hemrin Dam. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 2(2):247-260. In Arabic.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Bhatti, M. N. 1977. Salinity tolerance of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Journal of Fish Biology, 11:309-313.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Bhatti, M. N. 1979. Annual changes in the ovarian activity of the freshwater teleost, Barbus luteus (Heckel) from Southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology, 14:381-387.

Al-Daham, N. K., Huq, M. F. and Sharma, K. P. 1977. Notes on the ecology of the genus Aphanius and Gambusia affinis in southern Iraq. Freshwater Biology, 7:245-251.

Al-Daham, N. K., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Al-Dubaykel, A. Y. Y. 1994. Estuarine life of yellow seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Sparidae) in southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):137-152.

Al-Daham, N. K., Sarker, A. L. and Bhatti, M. N. 1977. Diel patterns of feeding in Heteropneustes fossilis from southern Iraq. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 106(6):614-616.

Al-Daham, N. K., Sarker, A. L. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1981. Industrial pollution of inland waters in Iraq - A fishery problem. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 13(1):17-25.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Wahab, N. K. 1991. Age, growth and reproduction of the greenback mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), in an estuary in southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology, 38(1):81-88.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Wahab, N. K. 1994. Food interrelationships of mugilid fishes in Shatt Al-Basrah canal, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(2)(1992):249-262.

Al-Daham, N. K. and Yousif, A. Y. 1990. Composition, seasonality and abundance of fishes in the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal, an estuary in Southern Iraq. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 31(4):411-421.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1986. Survey of parasites from five species of fishes found in Al-Hammar Marsh. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 130 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Daraji, S. A. 1990. Cestodes of some fishes from Al-Hammar Marsh, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(1):55-61.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1995. Taxonomical and ecological studies on the metazoan parasites of some marine fishes of Khor Al-Zubair estuary, north-west of the Arabian Gulf. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 183 pp.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1998. Lecithobotrys mhaiseni sp. nov., a new haploporid trematode from the greenback grey mullet Liza subvridis (Val., 1836) (Mugilidae) from Khor Abdullah, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):273-280.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1999. Carassotrema lizae sp. nov. (Trematoda: Haploporidae) from the gut of the mugilid fish, Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1849). Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):83-89.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 2002a. A new species of ergasilid copepods parasitic on the scorpion fish Pseudosynaceia melanostigma Day, 1875 in Khor Al-Zubair lagoon south Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):147-154.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 2002b. Description of Ergasilus pararostralis new species (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) infesting Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in Khor Al-Zubair lagoon, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):155-162.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 2002c. Ergasilus irakiensis new species (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) from Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):341-346.

Al-Daraji, S. A and Al-Salim, N. K. 1990. Parasitic fauna of five species of fishes from Al-Hammar Marsh, Iraq. I. Protozoa and Monogenea. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(2):275-282.

Al-Daraji, S. A. M. and Naama, A. K. 1989. New records of three parasitic (sic) (Crustacea: Cymothoidae) from fishes of Khor Al-Zubair Northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1):83-96.

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 1986. Composition of fish species in Shatt Al-Basrah canal and their trophic relations. M.Sc. Thesis, Basrah University. 118 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 1996. Nutritional and metabolic study of young buni, Barbus sharpeyi, gatan, Barbus xanthopterus and carp, Cyprinus carpio under laboratory conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. In Arabic.

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 2000. The chemical composition of natural food of the common carp Cyprinus carpio and mullet Liza abu. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(1):267-274. In Arabic.

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 2007. Use of vitamin C and sodium bentonite as food supplement for common carp Cyprinus carpio. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y., Ahmed, S. M. and Jasim, A. A. W. 1999. The physiological influence of electric current on the ionic balance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mullet (Liza abu). Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):339-349.

Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. A. and Ahmed, S. M. 2005. Aquaculture activities in the marshes of southern Iraq. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Al-Edanee, T. E., Al-Kareem, A. A. and Kadum, Sh. A. 1993. An assessment of trace metals pollution in the Khor Al-Zubair environment. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):143-154.

Al-Emam, N. A. 1978. Food habits of three Iraqi fishes, Aphanius dispar, Liza abu and Alburnus mossulensis in Al-Saklawiah irrigation drainage system. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Al-Eubaidi, S. A. M. 1994. Vaccination of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. against Aeromonas hydrophila. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. In Arabic.

Al-Ghadban, A. N., Saeed, T., Al-Dousari, A. M., Al-Shemmari, H. and Al-Mutairi, M. 1999. Preliminary assessment of the impact of draining of Iraqi marshes on Kuwait's northern marine environment. Part I. Physical manipulation. Water Science and Technology, 40(7):75-87.

Al-Habbib, F. M. K. 1983. Chemical and bacteriological studies of some frozen Iraqi fishes. M.Sc. Thesis, University Salah Al-Din. 147 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Habbib, F. M. K. 1996. Using unconventional diets in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) nutrition. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 108 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Habbib, F. M. K. and Al-Aswad, M. B. 1985. Some chemical and physical changes in the flesh of some frozen Iraqi fishes. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 4:35-50.

Al-Habbib, F. M. K., Yousif, U. H. and Yesser, K. T. 1993. Some physiochemical characteristics and yield of edible portion of Silurus triostegus. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(1)(1991):126-132. In Arabic.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M. 1981. Acclimation to temperature and death at changing lethal temperatures in the freshwater fish Chalcalburnus chalcoides. Journal of Thermal Biology, 6:365-371.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M. and Al-Habbib, W. M. S. 1977. Nutritive value of some Iraqi fish. Part 1: Free amino acid content of the skeletal muscle of Varicorhinus trutta (Heckel) and Chondrostoma regium (Heckel). Zentralblatt Veterinarmed, A, 24(8):625-628.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M. and Al-Habbib, W. M. S. 1979. Acclimation to temperature and death at high changing lethal temperatures in Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel). Journal of Thermal Biology, 4:75-77.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M., Saleh, T. M. and Al-Habbib, W. M. S. 1980. Nutritive value of Iraqi fish. II. Proximate chemical composition of ten freshwater fish species. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, University of Baghdad, 12(1):65-70.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M., Salih, W. A. and Hamed, K. M. 1986. Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of the skeletal muscle of the freshwater fish Barbus barbulus (Heckle)(sic). Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(1):219-225.

Al-Habbib, O. A. M. and Yacoob, M. P. 1993. Effects of acclimation and experience to changing heat and cold shock temperature on lethal temperature and thermal tolerance of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) (Poeciliidae). Cybium, 17(4):265-272.

Al-Hadithi, A. A. 1971. Marshes and swamps. Science and Life, Baghdad, 14:43-45.

Al-Hadithi, I. A. W. and Habash, A. H. 1977. Observations on nematode parasite (Contracaecum sp.) in some Iraqi fishes. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 4:17-25.

~Al-Hadithi, I. A. W. and Habish, A. H. 1979. Ecological and biological studies on the larval nematodes, Contracaecum sp. a parasite of the fishes in Basrah, Iraq. 2. Seasonal variations. Bulletin of the College of Education, University of Basrah, 1:309-327.

Al-Hadithi, I. A. W., Habash, A. H. and Daoud, Y. T. 1980. Seasonal abundance of N. agilis (Rudolphi, 1819) in Mugil hishni from Shatt Al-Arab, Basrah. Journal of the Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies, Kuwait, 24:127-139. In Arabic.

~Al-Hadithi, I. A. W., Khudair, A. Y. and Mehdi, D. S. 1990. Effect of intensity of infection with parasites on protein content in Liza abu. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 3(1-2):209-218.

Al-Hadithi, I. A. and Jawad, L. A. J. 1975. Survey on nematode infection of Iraqi fishes. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 2:19-25.

Al-Hakeem, S. H. 1981. The hydrology of Tigris River basin in Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Baghdad. In Arabic.

Al-Hakim, A. H., and Abbas, M. I. 1979. Determination of sexual maturation age of Barbus grypus in Dokan Lake, Iraq. Fifth Scientific Convention of the Iraqi Biological Society, Basrah (abstract).

Al-Hakim, A. W. H. 1976. A study of the morphological characters and determination of sexual maturity in fishes Barbus sharpeyi and Barbus grypus in Razzaza Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad. 120 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Hakim, A. W. H., Al-Mehdi, M. I. A. and Al-Salman, A. H. J. 1981. Determination of age, growth and sexual maturity of Barbus grypus in the Dukan reservoir of Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology, 18:299-308.

Al-Hakim, A. W. H., Niazi, A. D. and Al-Ani, B. J. 1976. A study on the morphological characters and determination of sexual maturity in fishes, Barbus sharpeyi Gunther and Barbus grypus Heckel. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, Baghdad, 7(1):177-179.

Al-Hamdane, A. H. 2003. Pathological changes due to Saprolegnia spp. infection in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.). Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 17(2):209-213.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1960. Carp-culture in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(2):14-23, 3. In Arabic.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1961. The effect of inorganic materials on the growth of carp. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(1):27-32.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1965a. Fish culture in ponds. Technical Bulletin of the Department of Agricultural Research, Iraq, 21:1-53.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1965b. On the morphology of the alimentary tract of three cyprinid fishes of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, Baghdad, 3(4):1-25.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1966a. On the age and growth of three cyprinid fishes of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Technical Bulletin, 135:1-70.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1966b. On the reproduction of three cyprinid fishes of Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Technical Bulletin, 136:1-26.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1966c. Limnological studies on the inland waters of Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, Baghdad, 3(5):1-22.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1967. Carp culture in the Republic of Iraq, p. 135-142. In: Pillay, T. V. R. (Ed.). Proceedings of the FAO World Symposium on Warmwater Pond Fish Culture. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Report, 44(2):1-174.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1971. Salinity tolerance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.). Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, Baghdad, 5(1):1-7.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1972. On the reproduction of three cyprinid fishes of Iraq. Freshwater Biology, 2:65-76.

Al-Hamed, M. I. 1976. Limnological investigations of Dokan Reservoir. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, Baghdad, 7(1):91-109.

Al-Hamed, M. I. and Hermiz, L. 1973. Experiments on the control of anchor worm (Lernaea cyprinacea). Aquaculture, 2:45-51.

Al-Handal, A. Y., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Abdullah, D. S. 1994. Phytoplankton production and related ecological factors in the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal, South Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(1)(1992):35-48.

Al-Hasani, Z. I. 1985. Occurrence of two known helminthic parasites in two vertebrate hosts collected from Basra, Iraq. Dirasat, 12(7):25.

Al-Hassan, J. M., Clayton, D. A., Thomson, M. and Criddle, R. S. 1988. Taxonomy and distribution of ariid catfishes from the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Natural History, 22:473-487.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1981. Vertebral abnormalities in Barbus sharpeyi and B. luteus from Basrah, Iraq. Oceans, 13:789-792 (Oceans 81, Conference Record, Volume 1, Boston, Massachusetts, 16-18 September 1981).

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1982a. The use of electrophoresis in the identification of fish stock, and its future application in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of the Faculty of Marine Science, Jeddah, 2:81-84.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1982b. Vertebral anomalies in fishes from Iraq and the United Arab Emirates, Arabian Gulf. Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, Basrah, 1(1):13-23.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1983. Vertebral abnormalities in Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi and Carasobarbus luteus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from Basrah, Iraq. Cybium, 7(1):7-10.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1984a. Comparative electrophoretic studies of muscle and eye lens proteins in freshwater fish of Iraq. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 12(2):205-208.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1984b. Meristic comparison of Liza abu from Basrah, Iraq and Karkhah River, Arabistan, Iran. Cybium, 8(3):107-108.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1985a. Phosphoglucose isomerase and phosphoglucose mutase isozymes in some freshwater fishes from Basrah, Iraq. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 13(3):357-364.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1985b. Vertebral anomalies in Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) collected from Basrah and Baghdad, Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 17(2):169-171.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1986. Variations in meristic characters of Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) from Iraqi and Kuwaiti waters. Program and Abstracts, Common Strategies of Anadromous and Catadromous Fishes. An International Symposium, March 9-13, 1986, Boston, p. 46 (poster).

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1987a. Variations in meristic characters of Nematalosa nasus from Iraqi and Kuwaiti waters. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 33(4):422-425.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1987b. Comparison of meristic characters of mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) from Basrah and Baghdad, Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 19(1):69-73.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1987c. Vertebral anomalies in fishes collected from Iraq and Arabistan, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 19(1):95-97.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1988a. Genetic variation and population structure in Nematalosa nasus and Thryssa hamiltonii from Iraqi waters. Bolletino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 6(2):639-646.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1988b. Genetic variation and populations structure in Thryssa hamiltonii and Nematalosa nasus in Iraqi waters. Journal of Fish Biology, 33(supplement A):219-220.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1990a. Genetic and morphological variation in Acanthopagrus latus (Sparidae) in Iraq. Asian Fisheries Science, 3(2):269-273.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1990b. Phosphoglucomutase, superoxide-dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase in fish collected from Iraq and Kuwait - a comparative study. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 97(3):461-465.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1993a. Genetic variation and populations structure in Thryssa hamiltonii and Nematalosa nasus in Iraqi waters. Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung (GSF)-Bericht, 7(1992):71-76.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1993b. Additional synopsis of biological data on Tenualosa ilisha. Marina Mesopotamica, supplement, 2:1-23 (in Arabic, pp. 1-13).

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1994. The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cyprinidae) in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Cybium, 18(2):204.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1999. Shad of the Shatt Al-Arab River in Iraq. Shad Journal, 4(2):4 pp. (www.cqs.washington.edu/~hinrich/shad/JOURNAL4.2/vol4n2.htm, downloaded 29 May 2000).

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Abdullah, J. N. 1992. The effect of formalin and freezing on some body proportions of Barbus luteus. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 24(4):353-354.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Ahmed, H. K. and Majeed, S. A. 1993. Some haematological parameters in relation to the biology of the fish Acanthopagrus latus. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering, 28(7):1599-1611.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Al-Abood, A. Y. 1988. Preliminary studies on the haemoglobin concentration in some freshwater fishes of Iraq. Cybium, 12(1):17-21.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Al-Abood, A. Y. 1994. Differential blood cell counts of three species of freshwater fishes from Basrah, Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26(3):278-280.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Al-Abood, A. Y. and Al-Seyab, A. A. 1990. Seasonal variations in the haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit values of Silurus triostegus. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 20(1):99-103.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J and Al-Badri, M. E. H. 1986. First record of some fishes from Khor Al-Zubair, Khor Abdullah, and Shatt Al-Arab, Basrah, Iraq. Cybium, 10(3):295-297.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Al-Daham, N. K. and Hassan, S. S. 1991. Eye lens as an age indicator in Mystus pelusius (Bagridae). Cybium, 15(2):171-172.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. and Wahab, N. K. 1992. Ocular lens diameter as an age indicator in two teleost fishes collected from Basrah waters (Iraq). Acta Hydrobiologica, 34(3):275-279.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Al-Dubaikel, A. Y., Wahab, N. K. and Al-Daham, N. K. 1990. Asymmetry analysis in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Rivista di Idrobiologia, 29(3):775-780.

Al-Hassan, J. A. J. and Al-Hassani, Z. I. 1988. Mosquito fish Gambusia arrinis (sic) in the erradiation (sic) of maiaria (sic) vectors a review. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases, 29(1-4):27-37.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Al-Saboonchi, A. A. and Binayan, L. A. A. 1986. A record-size cyprinid fish, Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel) from Shatt Al-Arab river, Iraq. Cybium, 10(2):204.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Al-Sayab, A. A. 1994. Eye lens diameter as an age indicator in the catfish, Silurus triostegus. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26(1):81-82.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Al-Seyab, A. A. 1992. A record size mugilid fish, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from the marsh area, southern part of Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 24(4):354-355.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Elias, N. H. 1987. Isoenzymes of cyprinids from the vicinity of Basrah in relation to classification. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 16(2):223-226.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Hassan, S. S. 1993. Asymmetry study in Mystus pelusius collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26(3):276-278.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Hussain, N. A. 1985. Hydrological parameters influencing the penetration of Arabian Gulf fishes into the Shatt al Arab River, Iraq. Cybium, 9(1):7-16

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Hussain, N. A. and Soud, K. D. 1989. A preliminary, annotated check-list of the fishes of Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, 36(2):283-288.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Madhi, A. A. 1987. Enzyme polymorphisms in the mullet, Liza dussumeiri (sic) from Shatt al-Arab river, Khor al-Zubair and the Arabian Gulf. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 15(2):269-271.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Madhi, A. A. and Ibrahim, L. I. 1986. Electrophoretic variation of phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphate, hexose-6-phosphate and tetrazolium oxidase enzymes in some fishes from Khor Al-Zubair, Iraq and Kuwait. Cybium, 10(2):177-185.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Muhsin, K. A. 1986. The presence of Barbus luteus and Heteropneustes fossilis in the Khor al Zubair, in the North-West of the Arabian Gulf. Zoology in the Middle East, 1:116-118.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Muhsin, K. A. 1987. Collection of fishes from the lower reaches of the Diyala River, Iraq. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, 35(2):201-203.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Na’ama, A. K. 1986a. New record for some Arab Gulf fishes in the freshwater system of Iraq. Bulletin of the Basrah Museum of Natural History, 6:36-44.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Na’ama, A. K. 1986b. Some vertebral abnormalities in fishes collected from the Euphrates in Iraq. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33(2):237-241.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Na’ama, A. K. 1988. A case of pugheadedness in the croaker Johnius aneus from Khor Al-Zubair, northwest of the Arab Gulf, Basrah, Iraq. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 35(1):68-69.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Saleem, S. D. 1991. Lack of relationship between morphological variability and enzyme heterozygosity in some members of the order Clupeiformes collected from Basrah, Iraq. Rivista di Idrobiologia, 28(1-2)(1989):189-198.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J., Saleem, S. D. and Kelkonian, M. K. 1993. Effect of freezing, formalin, and alcohol on certain body proportions of clupeid fish Nematalosa nasus, collected from the Khor al-Zubair area (northwest region of the Arabian Gulf). Acta Hydrobiologica, 35(2):179-183.

Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Saod, K. D. 1983. Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), a bibliography 1869-1982. Unpublished manuscript, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah. 92 pp.

Al-Hassani, Z. I. 1985. Occurrence of two known helminthic parasites in two vertebrate hosts collected from Basra, Iraq. Dirasat, 12(7):250.

Al Hazzaa, R. 2005. Some biological aspects of the himri barbel, Barbus luteus, in the intermediate reaches of the Euphrates River. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 29(4):311-315.

Al Hazzaa, R. and Hussein, A. 2003a. Stickiness elimination of himri barbel (Barbus lutes (sic), Heckel) eggs. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3:47-50.

Al-Hazzaa, R. and Hussein, A. 2003b. Initial observations in himri (Barbus lutes, (sic) Heckel) propagation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 3:41-45.

Al Hazzaa, R. and Hussein, A. 2003c. Propagation attempts in himri barbel (Barbus luteus, Heckel). Proceedings of the International Conference on Fish Welfare and Food Security in Arab and Muslim Countries, 22-24 October, Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (title).

Al Hazzaa, R. and Hussein, A. 2007. Larval development of himri, Barbus luteus (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) reared in the laboratory. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 31:27-33.

Alhello, A. A. Z. N. 2001. Some characters of Shatt Al-Arab river water and its suitability for different uses. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):295-308. In Arabic.

Al-Hello, A. Z. A. R. 1999. Hydrochemistry of Shatt Al-Arab estuary water. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):167-188. In Arabic.

Al-Hilffi, M. A. M. 2005. Insecticides impact in southern Iraqi marshes environment. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):81-89. In Arabic.

Al-Hisnawi, F. 1990. Biology of the greenback grey mullet Liza subviridis (Val., 1836) in Khor Al-Zubair, south of Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 116 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Husaini, M. 2003. Fishery of shared stock of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus, in the northern Gulf; a case study, p. 44-56. In: Papers presented at the Norway-FAO Expert Consultation on the Management of Shared Fish Stocks Bergen, Norway, 7-10 October 2002. FAO Fisheries Report, 695(supplement)(FIPP/R695(suppl.):vi + 240 pp. (www.fao.org, downloaded 24 October 2005).

Al-Husaini, M. 2007. Age, growth and mortality of zobaidy, Pampus argenteus, in the northern Gulf. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Husaini, M. and Chen, W. 2007. Fisheries management scenarios for zobaidy, Pampus argenteus, in the northern Gulf. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Ali, A. A. 1995. Use of different protein sources in the feeding of common carp Cyprinus carpio. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 119 pp. In Arabic.

Ali, A. H. 2001. Pathological effects of helminths parasitic on some local fishes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 174 pp.

Ali, A. M. 1979. Study of morphological and biological characteristics of gattan, Barbus xanthopterus, from Tigris River and Al-Tharthar water reservoir. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 11(1):181-197. In Arabic.

Ali, A. M. 1980. Determination of length coefficient and mesh size and some Barbus spp. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 12(1):215-221. In Arabic.

Ali, A. M. 1982a. Morphological characteristics of himri (Barbus luteus G. (sic) from the reservoir of Tharthar and the River Tigris. Programme of the Fourth Congress of European Ichthyologists, 20.-24. 9. 1982, Hamburg, West Germany. 1 p. (abstract).

Ali, A. M. 1982b. On the biology of bunni (Barbus sharpeyi) from Mesopotamia. Programme of the Fourth Congress of European Ichthyologists, 20.-24. 9. 1982, Hamburg, West Germany. 1 p. (abstract).

Ali, A. M. 1985. Morphometric characteristics of the khimri, Barbus luteus (Cyprinidae), from Tartar Reservoir and the Tigris River (Iraq). Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 25(5):867-870. In Russian. Journal of Ichthyology, 25(5):168-171. In English.

~Ali, A. M. 1990. On the biology of sbour (Hilsa ilisha Hamilton) in Iraqi waters. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 21(3):262-283.

Ali, A. M., Tertar, T. M. and Tomas, N. K. 1981. Morphological and activity characteristics of the fish Barbus grypus in Al-Therthar Reservoir and Tigris River. Journal of the Arab Gulf, Basrah, 13(3):117-128. In Arabic.

Ali, A. S. K., Balasem, A. N. and Mutar, A. J. 1999. A preliminary study on the sensitivity of Liza abu (Heckel) to arsenic in comparison with eight species of local and breeding fishes. The Veterinarian, 9(3):35-42.

Ali, B. A.-R. 1989. Studies on the parasites of some freshwater fishes from Greater Zab at Iski Kalak City. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Salahadeen, Sulaimaniyah. 120 pp. In Arabic.

Ali, H. H. and Hamad, M. A. 2005. Isolation and diagnosis of mycobacteria species in local water fishes in Ninevah Province. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(1):21-26.

Ali, K. H. 1974. Studies on some vibrios from sea fishes and Shatt Al-Arab waters with emphasis on some pathogenic ones. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 73 pp. In Arabic.

Ali, M. D. 1980. Studies on the hygienic conditions and nutritive value of Iraqi river fish Barbus xanthopterus. M.V.Sc. Thesis, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad.

Ali, M. D. 1985. Observations on lernaeosis and gyrodactylosis in carp fingerlings raised in ponds. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 16(1):125-132.

Ali, M D. 1986a. Saprolegniasis infection on eggs of Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi sharpeyi and Carassius auratus. First Annual Conference Department of Fisheries and Marine Research, Basrah, 16-17 April 1986 (abstract).

Ali, M. D. 1986b. Anchor worm Lernaea cyprinacea and its control. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):131-139. In Arabic.

Ali, M. D. and Ali, A. M. 1986. The general condition and calorific value of Iraqi fresh water fish Barbus xanthopterus. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(1):165-170.

Ali, M. D., Ali, A. M. and Zaki, L. M. 1986. The general condition and calorific value of the freshwater fish Aspius vorax and Barbus luteus in Al-Tharthar Reservoir. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):223-230.

Ali, M. D. and Hussein, J,. H. 1986. Field and laboratory observations on the lice Argulus foliaceus and their treatment on fish. Eighth Science Conference, Iraqi Veterinary Medicine Association, Baghdad, 18-20 February 1986 (abstract).

Ali, M. D. and Shaaban, F. 1984. Some species of parasites of freshwater fish raised in ponds and in Tigris-Al-Tharthar canal region. Seventh Science Conference, Iraqi Veterinary Medicine Association, Mosul, 23-25 October 1984 (abstract).

Ali, M. H. , Hussein, M. A., Faddagh, M. S. and Mahdi, E. A. 2005. The Iraqi fish-base. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1988a. Study on the parasites of common carp Cyprinus carpio and other freshwater fishes in Habbaniyah Lake, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(2):395-407.

Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1988b. On the occurrence of fish parasites raised in manmade lakes. Sixth European Ichthyological Congress, Budapest, 15-19 August 1988 (abstract).

Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S., Abdul-Ameer, K. N. and Kadim, L. S. 1988. On the occurrence of fish parasites raised in man-made lakes. 1 - Protozoa and Crustacea. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(supplement):877-885.

Ali, N. M., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1986a. New records of three monogenetic trematods (sic) on some freshwater fishes from Diyala River, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):253-266.

Ali, N. M., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1986b. New records of three digenetic trematodes on some freshwater fishes from Diyala River, Iraq. Proceedings of the Fourth Scientific Conference, Scientific Research Council, Baghdad, 5(1):10-19.

Ali, N. M., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1987. Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes in Diyala River, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(1):163-181.

Ali, N. M., Mhaisen, F. T. and Abul-Eis, E. S. 1989a. Three further stalked ciliates (Scyphidia: Peritrichia) new to the parasite fauna of the fishes of Iraq. Proceedings of the 5th Scientific Conference, Science Research Council, Baghdad (abstract).

Ali, N. M., Mhaisen, F. T. and Abul-Eis, E. S. 1989b. Parasitological investigation of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) of Babylon Fish Farm, Hilla, Iraq. Program and Abstracts, 69th Annual Meeting, American Society of Ichthyologists & Herpetologists, 17-23 June, 1989, San Francisco (abstract).

Ali, N. M., Mhaisen, F. T., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Kadim, L. S. 1988. First occurrence of the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 in Iraq on the gills of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Biological Science Research, Baghdad, 19(3):659-664.

Ali, N. M., Mhaisen, F. T., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Kadim, L. S. 1991. Parasites of the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix from Babylon Fish Farm, Hilla, Iraq. Rivista di Idrobiologia, 28(1-2)(1989):151-154.

Ali, N. M., Salih, N. E. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1987a. Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. I. Protozoa. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(2):11-17.

Ali, N. M., Salih, N. E. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1987b. Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. II. Trematoda. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(2):19-27.

Ali, N. M., Salih, N. E. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1987c. Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. III. Cestoda. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(3):25-33.

Ali, N. M., Salih, N. E. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1987d. Parasitic fauna of freshwater fishes of Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. IV. Nematoda. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(3):35-45.

Ali, N. M., Salih, N. E. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1988. Protozoa and Crustacea infesting three species of carp raised in ponds in Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(2):387-394.

Ali, S. 2003. Restoring the Mesopotamian marshlands in Southern Iraq. Land and Water, 47(5):27-30.

Ali, T. S. 1985. Preliminary study on the nature of bony fish assemblages in Khor Al-Zubair. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah, Iraq. 108 pp. In Arabic.

Ali, T. S. 1993a. Stock assessment of some Iraqi marine fishes northwest Arabian Gulf. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 120 pp. In Arabic.

Ali, T. S. 1993b. Iraqi marine fisheries. In: Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Fish Culture Developments and Optimum Exploitation of Iraqi Fisheries, Baghdad, December 1991, pp. 99-105. In Arabic.

Ali, T. S. 1994. Composition and seasonal fluctuations in fish assemblage of the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):119-136.

Ali, T. S. 1999. Stock assessment of some Iraqi marine fishes northwest Arabian Gulf. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 120 pp.

Ali, T. S. 2000. Stock assessment of giant sea catfish Arius thalassinus in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):313-324.

Ali, T. S. 2002a. Stock assessment of silver drammer (sic) Johnius belangerii in the Northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):43-55.

Ali, T. S. 2002b. Recruitment patterns of Iraqi marine fishes northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):347-354.

Ali, T. S. 2002c. An assessment of ten common fish stock (sic) in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):417-427.

Ali, T. S., Hantoush, A. A. and Jabir, A. A. 2004. Nutritional value of some Iraqi marine fishes. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):199-209.

Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N. A. 1990. Composition and seasonal fluctuations of intertidal fish assemblage in Kohr (sic) Al-Zubair, Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 6:24-36.

Ali, T. S., Hussain, N. A. and Younis, K. H. 1999. Stock assessment of greenback grey mullet Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in Khor Abdullah, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):394-407.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 1998. The status of Iraqi marine fisheries during 1990-1994. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):129-147.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 1993. Trophic interrelationships of the demersal fish assemblage in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Asian Fisheries Science, 6(3):255-264.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2000a. Catch per unit effort of Iraqi marine fisheries northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):285-301.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2000b. Growth, mortality and stock assessment of silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):373-387.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2001. Fisheries status in the northwest Arabian Gulf before and after the thirtieth aggression against Iraq 1991. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):395-403.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2002a. Stock assessment of sin croaker Johnieops sina in the Northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):75-88.

Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2002b. Stock assessment of tiger-tooth croaker Otolithes ruber in the northest (sic) Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):107-120.

Ali, T. S., Mutlak, F. M. and Khudair, M. T. 2005. Some preliminary indicators of marsh rehabilitation's impact on fishery biology. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Ali, T. S., Saleh, J. H. and Jabir, A. A. 2002. Growth oscillation of some Iraqi marine fishes northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):13-21.

Al-Ibady, Q. A. 2001. Age, growth and reproduction of Varicorhinus damascinus (Val.) from Tigris River at Salahuldin Province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 81 pp.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. 2001. Levels of trace metals in the waters of Shatt Al-Arab. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):257-265. In Arabic.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. 2001. Environmental pollution in the north west Arabian Gulf after 1991. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):379-393. In Arabic.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. 2007. Fish ecology in the southern Iraqi marshland after rehabilitation/2003: implication of water; levels and quality, and aquatic plants; types and abundance. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. and Al-Kafaji, B. Y. D. 1998. Effect of industrial effluent upon the level of trace metals in waters and sediments from Shatt Al-Arab river. Basrah Journal of Science, 16(2):27-32.

~Al-Imarah, F. J. M., Al-Khafaji, B. Y. and Mohamed, A. R. M. 1998. Distribution of trace metals in organs of gizzard shad Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) from Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Northwest Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Science, B, 16(2):5-10.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M., Ghadban, R. A. and Al-Shaway, S. F. 2000. Levels of trace metals in water from southern part of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):365-372.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. and Jawad, A. M. M. 1994. Physico-chemical parameters of southern Iraq water, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(1):1-12.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M., Kashta, A. A. A. K. and Abdullah, N. I. 1996. A study of the effect of industrial waste upon the properties of water in Diwaniyah River. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(2):311-324. In Arabic.

Al-Imarah, F. J. M. and Manther, E. A. K. 1993. Seasonal variation of environmental parameters for southern Iraqi water. Pollution and Arabian Gulf Conference, Marine Science Centre, Basrah, 28-30 March 1993 (title).

Al-Issa, S. A. 1981. Limnological studies on the Shatt al-Arab River and Al-Khandak Creek. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Jadooa, N. A. A. 2002. Parasitic incidences and pathological changes in some natural and cultured fishes at Al-Qadisia and Babylon Provinces, Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Qadisia. 158 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Jafery, A. R. 1974. The osteology of the Iraqi fishes, Barbus luteus and Silurus triostegus. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 170 pp., 4 pp., 35 figs.

Al-Jafery, A. R., Ali, N. M. and Salih, N. E. 1988. Trypanosoma garrae n. sp. from the freshwater fish Garra rufa (Family: Cyprinidae). Journal of Biological Science Research, Baghdad, 19(3):735-738.

Al-Jafery, A. R. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1982. Trypanosoma mystuii sp. n. from a freshwater teleost fish, Mystus pelusius (Solander), in Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences, Baghdad, 13(1):3-10.

Al-Jafery, A. R., Saleh, M. S. and Al-Rawi, A. H. 1976. The osteology of two Iraqi fishes, Barbus luteus (Heckel) and Silurus triostegus (Heckel). Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, Baghdad, 7(1):180-182 (M.Sc. Thesis summary).

Al-Jammas, R. K. M. 1982. Studies on some enzymes of the freshwater fish, Varicorhinus trutta. M.Sc. Thesis, Mosul University.

Al-Jerian, A. A. 1974. Age and growth of two species of Iraqi fishes Barbus sharpeyi and Barbus xanthopterus in Al-Therthar reservoir, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 60 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Johany, A. M. and Yousuf, M. 1993. Thermal ecology of two fresh water fishes Aphanius dispar and Gambusia affinis from Central Saudi Arabia. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 11(2):241-251.

Al-Jubory, M. M. K. 1994. Studies on some aspects of the biology of an Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)) from lower reaches of Diyala River. M.Sc. Thesis, Baghdad University. 88 pp.

~Al- Ka’abi, K. M. and Al-Shamma’a, A. A. 2001. Effect of culturing type and stocking density on the growth of kattan Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel). Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 3(2):149-156. In Arabic.

Al-Kadhomiy, N. K. and Hughes, G. M. 1988. Histological study of different regions of the skin and gills in the mudskipper, Boleophthalmus boddarti with respect to their respiratory function. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 68:413-422.

Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):537-545.

Alkahem, H. F. 1991. Studies on the variations in meristic characters of Aphanius dispar collected from three localities in Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 23(1):95-96.

Alkahem, H. F. and Behnke, R. J. 1983. Freshwater Fishes of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5:545-567.

Al-Kalak, S. N. 1992. A comparative study of the nervous system of some cestodes. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul. 115 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Kalak, S. N. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 2003. Morphological and histological studies on Khawia lutei sp. n. (Cestoda: Lytocestidae) a parasite of hemri, Barbus luteus, in Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 20(1):25-33.

Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1989. Diet overlap among the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. and three native fish species in Al-Hammar marshes, southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 118 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Khafaji, B. Y. 1996. Trace metals in water, sediments and fishes from Shatt Al-Arab estuary. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 131 pp.

Al-Khafaji, B. Y. 1997. Some trace metals in Cyprinus carpio L. and Tenualosa ilisha from Shatt Al-Arab estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):47-62.

Al-Khafaji, B. Y., Al-Imarah, F. J. M. and Mohamed, A. R. M. 1997. Trace metals in water, sediments and green back mullet (Liza subviridis, Valencielles, (sic) 1836) of the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, NW Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):7-23.

Al-Khafaji, T. Y. 2000. Possible effects of Al-Dourah refinery wastes to some biological aspects in Dijlah River fishes. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 80 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Khait, K. M. S. 1978. An economic study of the fishing industry in Iraq. Publication of the Centre for the Arab Gulf Studies, 22:196 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Khanani, S. M. 1995. Effect of hardness and salinity on the toxicity of two insecticides to Gambusia affinis. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(1):105-117. In Arabic.

Al-Khashab, W. H. 1958. The water budget of the Tigris and Euphrates basin. University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper, 54:ix + 105 pp., 3 maps.

Al-Khashab, W., Hadeed, A. S. and Mohamed, M. S. W. 1983. Water Resources of Iraq. Baghdad University Press. 281 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Khateeb, G. H., Al-Shaikh, S. M. J., Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Asmar, K. R. and Addat, T. K. 1995. First case record of pseudophyllid cestode Schistocephalus solidus (Muller, 1776) in fishes of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):208-216.

Al-Khatib, H. Y. 1986. The reproductive biology of the mullet Liza carinata. M.Sc. Thesis, Kuwait University.

Al-Kholly, A. R. and Solofiuof, B. 1980. The fisheries of Kuwait. Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Works, Kuwait. 206 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Lami, A. A., et al. 1998. On the limnological features of Euphrates river, Iraq. Journal of Education and Science, 29:38-50.

Al-Lami, A. A., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Kassim, T. I. 1998. Limnological feature of Qadisia Lake north west Iraq. Al-Mustansiriya Journal of Science, Baghdad, 9(2):52-66.

~Al-Lami, A. A., Kassim, T. I., Muften, F. S. and Al-Dylymei, A. A. 1999. An ecological study on Habbaniya Reservoir. Journal of the College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, 9(2): 209 – 216.

Al-Lami, A. A., Sabri, A. W., Kassim, Th. I. and Rasheed, K. A. 1996. The ecological effects of Diyala River on Tigris River. Journal of the College of Education for Women, University of Baghdad, 7:84-92.

Allameh S. K. 2003. Use of oil by product (wastage oil) in diet for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). AquaEuro 2003, European Aquaculture Society, Trondheim, Norway, August 8-12, 2003 (title).

Al-Layla, M. A. and Al-Rizzo, H. M. 1989. A water-quality model for the Tigris River downstream of Sadam Dam, Iraq. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 34(6):687-704.

Allen, B. 1988. Aphanius mento: A Mediterranean jewel. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 21(1-2):75-76.

Allouse, B. E. 1955. A bibliography on the vertebrate fauna of Iraq and neighbouring countries. IV. Fishes. Iraq Natural History Museum's Publications, Baghdad, 7:1-32.

Allouse, S. B., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Al-Jafary, A. R., Khalaf, A. N. and Sadek, S. E. 1989. Some notes on the biology of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) in Al-Nibaey lakes (Baghdad, Iraq). Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):555-564.

Allouse, S. B., Khalaf, A. N. and Al-Jafary, A. 1986. Some biological aspects of Chondrostoma regius (sic)(Heckel) - (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) in Diyala River (Baghdad-Iraq). Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(1):227-239.

Almaça, C. 1981. La collection de Barbus d'Europe du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e série, 3, section A, numéro 1:277-307.

Almaça, C. 1983. Remarks on some Heckel's species of Barbus from western Asia. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, B, II(12):95-102.

Almaça, C. 1984a. Notes on some species of western Palearctic Barbus (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, C, II(1):1-76.

Almaça, C. 1984b. Form relationships among western Palearctic species of Barbus (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, A, II(12):207-248.

Almaça, C. 1985. Morphological relationship and evolutionary rate of taxonomic characters in Euro-Mediterranean Barbus (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, B, II(16):129-136.

Almaça, C. 1986. On some BARBUS species from Western Asia (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, B, 87:5-30.

Almaça, C. 1988. Remarks on the biogeography of Euro-Mediterranean Barbus (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Bulletin d'Ecologie, 19(2-3):159-162.

Almaça, C. 1990. Neogene circum-Mediterranean paleogeography and Euro-Mediterranean Barbus biogeography. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, nova série, 1(41):585-611.

Almaça, C. 1991. Evolutionary, biogeographical, and taxonomical remarks on Mesopotamian species of Barbus s.s. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, nova série, 2(4):63-78.

Almaça, C. 1992. A tentative key to the species of Euro-Mediterranean Barbus (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Garcia de Orta, Série de Zoologia, Lisboa, 16(1-2)(1989):25-30.

Almaça, C. 1994. Studies on taxonomy, biogeography, and speciation in Euro-Mediterranean Barbus (Barbus s.s.). Arquivos do Museu Bocage, nova série, 2(28):455-462.

Al–Mahdawi, G. H., Al–Rudainy, A. J., Al–Shamma’a, A. A., Ruhaig, A. M. and Mousa, K. M. 1996. Culture of gattan (Barbus xanthopterus) in earthen ponds. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(2):63- 67. In Arabic.

Al-Mahdawi, G. J., Salman, N. A., Habah, M. K. M., Zubon, A. A. Z. and Kittan. S. A. S. 1995. Salt and ionic contents of the northern part of Saddam River and its effect on fishes and other aquatic organisms. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):320-330. In Arabic.

Al-Mahdi, A. A. 1996. Salt-wedge procession in Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(1):107-116.

Al-Mahdi, A. A. J. and Abdullah, S. S. 1996. Tidal phase influence on salinity distribution in Shatt Al-Arab estuary, north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(2):229-241.

Al-Mahdi, A. A. and Abdullah, S. S. 1999. Some aspects of the tidal currents in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary, south of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):323-337.

Al-Mahdi, A. A. and Salman, H. H. 1997. Some hydrological characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab river, south of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):63-74.

Al-Mahdi, A. D. M. 2001. Levels of ammonia in some branches of Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):539-549.

Al-Malaeeka, E. M. 1964. Effect of artificial feeding on the growth of common carp in the private fish farms. Ministry of Agriculture Bulletin, Baghdad. 179 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Malaaka, E. S. 1975. Oxygen consumption for the fish Heteropneustes fossilis in different environments. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 92 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Malaeka, I. S., Sarsam, V. H. and Mohammed, A. I. 1977. Feeding habits of three herbivorous fish in relation to the alimentary canal structure. Fourth Science Conference of the Iraqi Biological Society, April 1977, Baghdad, p. 224-243. In Arabic.

Al-Maliki, A. D. M. 1999. determination of some nutrients in branches of Shatt Al-Arab River by flow injection techniques. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Manssory, F. Y. 1996. Sediment transport in the lower reach of Shatt Al-Arab. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 119 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Manssory, F. Y., Salman, H. H. and Faraj, M. A. 1998. Sediment discharge in Shatt Al-Arab River down-stream Karun River confluence. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):251-262.

Al-Manssury, A. F. A. and Saoud, H. A. 2002. Long term effect for some trace metals on survival rate and blood parameters to juveniles Carassius carassius (L.). Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):519-533. In Arabic.

~Al-Mashhadany, A. J. and Al-Shamma’a, A. A. 2002. Food overlap between four types cyprinid fish on Al-Habbaniya Lake, Iraq. Journal of Fish Research, (21):1-7. In Arabic.

Almatar, S., Elah, K. A. and Abu-Rezq, T. 2000. Larval development stages of laboratory-reared silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus. Ichthyological Research, 47(2):137-141.

Almatar, S. M., Lone, K. P., Abu-Rezq, T. S. and Yousef, A. A. 2004. Spawning frequency, fecundity, egg weight and spawning type of silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) (Stromateidae), in Kuwait waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20(3):176-188.

Al-Mazini, M. A. A. 2004. Bacterial flora in the water farm of Barbus sharpeyi fish and its immune response against vaccination with the predominant bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of the Faculty of Science, United Arab Emirates University, 13:29-35.

~Al-Mehdi, M. I. A. 1985. Observations on the retinal structure of a freshwater carp Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel). Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1):309-319.

Al-Mehdi, M. I. A. and Khan, A. A. 1984. Haematology of a freshwater carp Cyprinion macrostomus from northern Iraq. Environment and Ecology, 2(3):222-226.

Al-Moe'min, A. H. A. 2005. The status of Iraqi marshes over long periods. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Al-Mohmood, H. K. H. 2007. Survey for the evaluation of some physico-chemical parameters of Shatt Al-Arab waters, Basrah-Iraq (1974-2005). The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Mousawi, A. H. A., Hussain, N. A. and Al-Araji, M. J. 1995. The influence of sewage discharge on the physico-chemical properties of some ecosystems at Basrah city, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science, 13:135-148.

Al-Muamen, A. H. 2005. The situations of Iraqi marshes during different periods. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):265-276. In Arabic.

Al-Muddafr, N. A., Jassim, T. E. and Omer, I. N. 1994. Distribution of trace metals in sediments and biota from Shatt Al-Arab, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(1)(1992):49-61.

Almudaffar, N., Fawzi, I. N. O. and T. Aledanee. 1990. Hydrocarbons in surface sediments and bivalves from Shatt-Al-Arab and its rivers, Southern Iraq. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 7(1):17-28.

Al-Mudeer, N. J. and Hassan, M. M. 1999. Depression of phosphate pollution in Hartha sewage discharged to Shatt Al-Arab. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):133-148.

Al-Mukhtar, E., Musa, S. A., Sabri, S. and Modafar Ali, N. 1986. Physical and chemical characteristics of the lower reaches of River Diyala, central Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 21(6):537-550.

Almukhtar, E. A., Khalaf, E. N. and Khudhair, T. A. 1985. Diel variations of some physico-chemical factors of rivers Tigris and Diyala, at Baghada (sic). Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 16(2):99-113.

Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 1982. Biological study of two species of freshwater fish Barbus luteus Heckel and Aspius vorax Heckel from Al-Hammar marsh. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 203 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 2005. Methods of fish farming in the Iraqi marshes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

AlMukhtar, M. A. 2007a. Managements of the jointly shared species in the north Gulf region, migration theory of suboor Tenualosa ilisha (Hilsa ilisha) as example. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

AlMukhtar, M. A. 2007b. Propagation of Barbus sharpeyi (Gunther, 1974 (sic)) in Basrah during spring 2006 for the enhancement of the marshes stock. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1999. A natural intergeneric hybrid of Barbus sharpeyi (Günther, 1874) and Carassius auratus (L.) from a small water body in Khoozestan (Iran) Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 51(1):35-41.

Al-Mukhtar, M. A., Al-Noor, S. S., Fadagh, M. S. and Abdulkareem, T. 2007. First study on the usage of Ovaprim in the induced spawning of common carp Cyprinus carpio in Iraq. Syndel International Inc., www.syndel.com, downloaded 2 February 2007 (abstract).

Al-Najim, M. No date. Impact of Tigris and Euphrates water crisis on the environmental catastrophe of Iraqi marshlands. 13 pp., www.up.ac.za, downloaded 30 June 2006.

Alnajjar, A. A., Munir, A. M., Pregenzer, A. L. and Littlefield, A. C. 2004. International initiative to engage Iraq's science and technology community: report on the priorities of the Iraqi science and technology community. Sandia Report, Albuquerque, New Mexico and Livermore, California, 2004-2223:1-62.

Al-Nasih, M. H. 1992. Preliminary observations related to the culture of Barbus sharpeyi (bunni). Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics, 7(1):69-78.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1986. On the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in Al-Hammar marsh, Basrah. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Development of the Marsh Area in Southern Iraq, Nasiriyah, 2-4 December 1986. 10 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1991. On the biology of Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) in Tigris River. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(1-2):189-198. In Arabic.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1995a. Fish production in ponds. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):332-342. In Arabic.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1995b. Some biological of aspects of himri Barbus luteus (Heckel) in extensive fish ponds. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(2):177-192. In Arabic.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 1988a. On the biology of sbour Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton)(Pisces, Clupeidae) from Ashar Canal, Basrah. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 6(1):97-106.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 1988b. On the biology of sbour Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton)(Pisces, Glupeidae (sic)) from Ashar Canal, Basrah. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 20(4):321-328.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Dawood, A. H. 1991. The biology of reproduction of common carp in Hor Al-Hammar, southern, (sic) Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 32(2):443-451.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. 1975a. Some notes on the larvae and juveniles of half-beak, Hemirhamphus xanthopterus (Val) in Iraqi waters. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 2:3-12.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. 1975b. Survey of fish fauna of Shatt-Al-Arab (from Abu-al-Khasib to Karmat Ali). Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 2:36-46.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. 1976. A guide to the freshwater fishes of Iraq. Basrah Natural History Museum Publication, 1: xii + 124 pp.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hoda, S. M. S. 1977. Notes on the development stages of sea catfish, Arius thalassinus (Rupp.) from Arab Gulf. Bulletin of the Biological Science Research Centre, Baghdad, 9:41-49.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Islam, A. K. M. S. 1978. Age and growth of Liza abu (Heckel) (Perciformes: Mugilidae) from Southern Iraq. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 6(2):85-89.

Al-Nasiri, S. K., Jawad, L. A. J., Al-Salami, M. A. and Marina, B. A. 1975. Biometric studies on Aspius vorax Heckel from Basrah waters. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 2:59-67.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Salman, N. A. 1977. Length-weight relationship and condition of Acanthobrama marmid Heckel, in the Lesser Zab River. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 12:186-194.

Al-Nasiri, S. K., Sarker, A. L. and Hoda, S. M. S. 1977. Feeding ecology of a mugilid fish, Liza abu (Heckel) in Basrah, Iraq. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 4:27-40.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Sharma, K. P. 1977. Fish marketing conditions of Ashar (Basrah, Iraq) fish market, p. 121-125. In: Proceedings on the Handling, Processing and Marketing of Tropical Fish, London, July 1976. Tropical Products Institute, London.

Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Sharma, K. P. 1978. Toxicity of Ekatin 25 on Gambusia, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) at different ages. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 10:123-133.

Al-Niaemi, B. H. S. 1997. Study of parasites of the fish Silurus glanis L. from Tigris River in Mosul city with special reference to histological effects caused by some infections. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul.

AlNoor, S. 2007. Reproductive biology of hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan) in the Shatt Al-Arab River and Iraqi territorial waters. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Al-Noor, S. A. 2005a. Restocking of bunni fingerlings (Barbus sharpeyi) in the Iraqi marshlands. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Al-Noor, S. S. 2005b. Fishery resources in Iraqi inland waters. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Al-Noor, S. S. H. 1994. The ecology and biology of Periophthalmus waltoni Koumans and Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas) in Khor al-Zubair, southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 97 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Noor, S. S. H. 1998. Reproductive biology of hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan) in the Shatt Al-Arab River and Iraqi territorial waters. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Okailee, M. T. 2001. Abundance and distribution of fish eggs and larvae in Shatt Al-Arab estuary in northwest Arabian Gulf. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 172 pp.

Al-Omar, M. A., Al-Ogaily, N. H. and Shebil, D.-A. 1986. Residues of organochlorine insecticides in fish from polluted water. Bulletin of Environmental and Contamination Toxicology, 36(1):109-113.

Al-Omar, M. A., Al-Ogaily, N. H. and Shebil, D. A. 1989. Effect of a sewage plant in the distribution of organochlorine residues in the Diyala River, Iraq. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 44(1-2):1-7.

Al-Qattan, E., Dadzie, S. and Abou-Seedo, F. 2000. Feeding structures in the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering, 27:331-341.

Al-Ramadhan, B. M. and Pastour, M. 1987. Tidal characteristics of Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 2(1):15-28.

Al-Rawi, A. H., Al-Obaidi, S. and Jawdat, S. Z. 1978. A list of fishes collected from the Little Zab River in Iraq: 1. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 10:3-12.

Al-Rayhani, A. M. 1986. Desertification and its effect on utilization of natural resources in Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 268 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Robaae, K. H. 1968. First scientific experiment for rearing carps in Basrah region. Al-Jamia Journal, Basrah, 2(3/4):224-230. In Arabic.

Al-Robae, D. J. 1990. Surface water resources in Basrah Province. Journal of the Arabian Gulf, 22(2):145-196. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. M. J. 1989. A study of the morphological characteristics of the alimentary canal of four cyprinid fishes in relation to their food in Al-Hammar marshes, southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 140 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J. and Abbas, L. M. 2006. Ecology and biology of two freshwater fish species in Euphrates River, near Al-Mussaib Power Station, Iraq. The 1st International Conference on the State of the Gulf Ecosystem: Future and Trends. 5-7 March 2006, Rotana Hotel, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates University (abstract).

~Al-Rudainy, A. J., Al–Mahdawi, Gh. J., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Ruhaig, A. M. and Abu Al-Hani, A. J. 2001. Composite culture of kattan (Barbus xanthopterus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in earthen ponds. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 3(2):59-64. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 2004. Stock assessment of himri Barbus luteus in a man-made lake west of Baghdad city, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(1):77-94. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hussain, T. S. 2004. Natural food of gattan Barbus xanthopterus in man-made lake, west of Baghdad. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):257-266. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Jasim, M. E. 2005. Stock assessment of himri Barbus luteus in a man-made lake, west of Baghdad City, Iraq. International Conference on Innovations and Technologies in Oceanography for Sustainable Development, 26–29 September 2005, Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (title).

~Al-Rudainy, A. J., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Abo-Al-Hanny, A-K. J. and Fadil, A. A. 2006. A special technical bulletin for Iraqi ichthyology: scientific papers published between 1950-2005. Directorate of Agriculture and Food Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad. In English and Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J., Mahdawi, G. J., Ruhaig, A. M., Al-Shamma’a, A. A. and Ali, H. A. 2000. Culture of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. at different stocking densities in earthern ponds. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 2:118-123. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J., Mosa, K. M., Abulhani, A., Ruhaij, A. M. and Ali, H. A. 2001. Some biological aspects of fishes collected from Al-Maathide and Beajan regions in Al-Qadiysia dam lake. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 3(1):26-39. In Arabic.

~Al- Rudainy, A. J., Neama, Y. J., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Ali, T. S. and Abo-Al-Hanny, A-K. J. 2002. The alimentary track morphology of bizz Barbus esocinus from River Tigris - Al-Za’afaranya. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 2(1):32-41. In Arabic.

Al-Rudainy, A. J., Ruhiage, A. M., Qatee, A. J. and Hussain, T. S. 1999. Some biological aspects of fishes collected from Al-Habbaniyah Lake. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (Special Issue), 4(5):159-167. In Arabic.

Al-Saad, H. T. 1990. Hydrocarbon residues in fishes from Khor Al-Zubair, north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(1):81-88.

Al-Saad, H. T. 1995. Distribution and sources of hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and north-west Arabian Gulf. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 186 pp.

Al-Saad, H. T., Abaychi, J. K. and Shamshoom, S. M. 1995. Hydrocarbons in the waters and sediments of Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and north-west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(2):393-410.

Al-Saad, H. T. and Al-Asadi, M. K. 1989. Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in fishes from Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(2):233-242.

Al-Saad, H. T. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1986. Additional bibliography for Shatt Al-Arab and the Arabian Gulf. University of Basrah Press, Basrah. 108 pp.

Al-Saad, H. T., Al-Kafaji, B. Y. and Sultan, A. A. R. 1996. Distribution of trace metals in water, sediments and biota samples from Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(1):63-78.

Al-Saad, H. T. and Altimari, A. A. 1993. Sources of hydrocarbons and fatty-acids in sediments from Hor-al-Hammar marsh, Shatt-al-Arab, and north-west Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26(10):559-564.

Al-Saad, H. T., Mustafa, Y. Z. and Al-Imarah, F. J. M. 1997. Distribution of trace metals in the tissues of fish from Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):87-99.

Al-Saad, H. T., Shamshoom, S. M. and Abaychi, J. K. 1997. Hydrocarbons in fish from Shatt Al-Arab estuary and north-west Arabian Gulf following the Gulf oil spill of 1991. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(2):213-231. In Arabic.

Al-Saad, H. T., Shamshoom, S. M. and Abaychi, J. K. 1998. Polycyclic aromtic (sic) hydrocarbons (PAH) in the dissolved and particulate water phases of Shatt Al-Arab estuary north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):281-305.

Al-Saad, H. T., Shamshoom, S. M. and Abaychi, J. K. 1998. Seasonal distribution of dissolved and particulate hydrocarbons in Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the North-West Arabian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(10):850-855.

Al-Saadi, A. A. J. J. 1986. A survey of alimentary canal helminths of some species of Iraqi fishes from Tharthar Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad. 94 pp. In Arabic.

~Al-Saadi, H. A., Al-Lami, A. A. and Kassim, T. I. 1999. Study of ecological features of Tigris and Euphrates rivers and relationship with fish resources in Iraq. Journal of Ecological Research, 2(2):20-31. In Arabic.

Al-Saadi, H. A., Antoine, S. E. and Nurul Islam, A. K. M. 1981. Limnological investigation in Al-Hammar Marsh area in Southern Iraq. Nova Hedwigia, 35:157-166.

Al-Saadi, H. A. and Arndt, E. A. 1973. Some investigations about the hydrographical situation in the lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab and the Arabian Gulf. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, 22(10):1169-1174.

Al-Saadi, H. A., Arndt, E. A. and Hussain, N. A. 1975. A preliminary report on the basic hydrographical data in the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and the Arabian Gulf. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, 24(6):797-802.

Al-Saadi, H. A., Hadi, R. A. M., Schiewer, U. and Al-Mousawi, A. H. 1989. On the influence of the sewage drainage from Basrah city on the phytoplankton and related nutrients in the Shatt al-Arab estuary, Iraq. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 114(3):443-452.

Al-Saadi, H. A., Hussain, N. A., and Al-Issa, S. A. 1989. Ecological effects of the polluted Khandak canal on Shatt Al-Arab estuary at Basrah, Iraq. I. Physicochemical parameters. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 1:57-66.

Al-Saadi, H. A., Kassim, T. I., Al-Lami, A. A. and Salman, S. K. 2000. Spatial and seasonal variations of phytoplankton populations in the upper region of the Euphrates River, Iraq. Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 30(1):83-90.

~Al-Sabti K. 1983. Fisheries and aquaculture in Iraq. Ribarstvo Jugoslavije, 38:135-136. In Croatian.

Al-Sabti, K. 1986. Karyotypes of Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus cephalus. Cytobios, 47(188):19-25.

Al-Sahaf, M. 1975. Chemical composition of the water resources of Iraq. Vodnye Resursy, 4:173-185. In Russian. Water Resources, 4(1976):677-687. In English.

Alsakony, M., Al-Malaeka, E., Al-Rawi, A. and Al-Anni, E. R. 1978. Improvement of fisheries resources and suggested plan for the years 1975-1979. Study No. 7-9, Chief Agricultural Council, Republic of Iraq. 148 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Salem, N. K. and Mohamed, E. T. 1995. Studies on some parasites of the stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) from Al-Hammar marsh, Basrah. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(1):155-170. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. 1985. Trypanosoma carasobarbi sp. n. from a freshwater fish, Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel, 1843) (family Cyprinidae) from Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 16(2):205-215.

Al-Salim, N. K. 1986. Myxobolus pfeifferi, 1894 a new record from Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel, 1843) (Family Cyprinidae) from Shatt Al-Arab river, Basrah, Iraq. Dirasat, 13(7):163-166.

Al-Salim, N. K. 1989. The occurrence of Myxobolus pfeifferi Thelohan, and Haemogregarina meridianus n. sp. in freshwater fish Liza abu Heckel (Family Mugilidae) of Shatt Al-Arab River, Basra, Iraq. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 7(2):287-295.

Al-Salim, N. K. 1993. Haemogregarina majeedi n. sp. from the freshwater fish Barbus sharpeyi Günther (Cyprinidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 9:97-101.

Al-Salim, N. K. 1994. First record and pathology of Cyprinus carpio L. infected by Haemogregarina cyprini in Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(2)(1992):195-202.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Ali, Z. A. 2000a. A study on some trematodes and it's (sic) histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah province. 1- Taxonomy study. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):459-473. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Ali, Z. A. 2000b. A study on some trematodes and it's (sic) histopathological effects from three species of fish (family Cyprinidae) in Basrah province. 2- Seasonality of two species of trematodes from the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. 1758. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):283-293. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Daraji, A. M. S. 1990. Trypanosoma arabica sp. n. from the freshwater fish Silurus triostegus Heckel in Iraq. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 20(2):85-89.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Daraji, A. M. S. 1992. Trypanosoma basrensis n. sp. from the freshwater fish, Aspius vorax Heckel. 1843 in Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 5:151-155.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Niaeem, K. S. 2002a. Seasonality of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus agilis from the fish khishni Liza abu. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):453-463. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Niaeem, K. S. 2002b. Histopathological effects of two worms parasitic on intestine of two Iraqi freshwater fishes. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):465-476. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Al-Niaeem, K. S. K. 2002. Effects of Neoechinorhyndus (sic) agilis on biochmichal (sic) contents of Liza abu. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):477-494. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Juri, M. M. 2000. Study of the parasites of two mugilid fish and the effect of some on the blood parameters (I - Monogenea). Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):505-514. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Jori, M. M. 2002a. Study of the parasites of two mugilid fish species and the effect of some of them on the blood parameters, II - Effect of the crustacean Eragasilus (sic) rostralis on blood parameters of Liza abu and Liza subviridis. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):209-221. In Arabic.

Al-Salim, N. K. and Jori, M. M. 2002b. Study of the parasites of two mugilid fish species and the effect of some on the blood parameters, III - First record of two species of parasites in south of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):223-235. In Arabic.

Al-Sanabani, M. A. 1999. The compensatory growth response of carp, Cyprinus carpio L. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 54 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Sayab, A. A. Z. 1989. Ecology and biology of the Asian catfish, Silurus triostegus, from al-Hammar marshes, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 121 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Sayari, S. S. and Zötl, J. G. (Eds.). 1978. Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia. Volume 1: Sedimentological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical, geomorphological, and climatological investigations in central and eastern Saudi Arabia. Springer-Verlag, Wien. xi + 335 pp.

Al-Sewech, A. R. 1999. Comparative limnological study to the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and Khora canal. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 61 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Shaikh, S. M., Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Khateeb, G. H., Balasem, A. N. and Mansoor, N. T. 1995. Collection of some fish parasites from the lower reaches of Diyala River, mid Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30(8):1707-1715.

Al-Shalash, A. H. 1966. The Climate of Iraq. The Co-operative Printing Presses Workers Society, Amman. 85 pp.

Al-Shami, E. J. J. 1998. The biology of Mystus pelusius (Solander, 1793) in Garmat-Ali River, Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. In Arabic.

Al–Shamma’a, A. A. 1995. A preliminary study on the food of bunni, Barbus sharpeyi in the Hor Al–Hammar – Al–Fuhud – Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):298–308. In Arabic.

Al–Shamma’a, A .A. 1995. Non–conventional materials for fish diet. Proceedings of the Workshop about Feed Substitution. Baghdad, 24–26 December 1995 (abstract).

~Al-Shamma'a, A. A. 2000a. The effects of Al-Qadiseya dam on the natural feeding of fish in the lake. 1st Science Conference in Environmental Pollution and Means of Protection, Baghdad, 5-6 November 2000. pp. 99-104. In Arabic.

~Al- Shamma’a, A. A. 2000b. Saving in used water for fish culture. 1st Science Conference in Environmental Pollution and Means of Protection, Baghdad, 5-6 November 2000. pp. 299-305. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma'a, A. A. 2004. Fish collection from Al-Hammar Marsh, south of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology, 1(1):120-123.

Al-Shamma'a, A. A. 2005a. The diet composition of three catfishes from Al-Hammar Marsh, Al-Fuhoud, Iraq. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Al-Shamma'a, A. A. 2005. Fisheries of the Iraqi marshes in the past, the future and the means of development. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):133-155. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Abu-Tabigh, S. M. and Al-Fadily, M. K. 2003. The possibility of using irradiated khishni (Liza abu) fish meal instead of the imported protein sources in the diet of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 4(1);145-152. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Ahmed, H. A-R. and Al-Ka’abi, M. K. 1999. Culture of shabutt Barbus grypus (Heckel) in earthen ponds in the middle of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (Special Issue), 4(5):168-180. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Al–Asha’ab, M. H., Saleh, K. I., Salman, A. H., Mohammad, M. K., Rashed, L. A. A. and Yousif, O. S. 1999. Utilization of different levels of sunflower meals substitute to barley and yellow corn in the food of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Al-Takany Journal, Al-Bohoth Al-Takanya, 56:214-225. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Al- Asha'ab, M. H., Saleh, K. I., Salman, A. H., Salih, K. I., Salman, A. H., Ahmad, A. S., Ali , M. H. and Mohamad A. M. 1999. Culture of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. on a diet containing sesbania (Sesbania cannabina) seeds in earthen ponds. Al-Takany Journal, Al–Bohoth Al- Takanya, 58:92-100. In Arabic.

Al- Shamma’a, A. A., Al-Asha’ab, M. H., Salman, A. H. and Abdulla, L. R. 1999. Feeding common carp Cyprinus carpio L. on diets including local plant protein resources in earthen ponds. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (Special Issue), 4(5):134-140. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Al-Daham N. K. and Shawardi, A. O. 2002. Seasonal changes in the diet of Cyprinion kais (Heckel, 1843) from the reservoir of Hemri dam. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 2(1):113-125.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Al-Kaisey, M. T., Al–Asha'ab, M. H., Salman, A. H., Ahmed, A. S. and Al- Dilami, A. A. 2000. The use of heated sesbania seeds (Sesbania cannabina) in the nutrition of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Journal of Al-Qadesyia, Pure Sciences, 5(4):104-115. In Arabic.

Al-Shammaa, A. A., Al-Mashhadany, A. J., Ressoky, R. H. and Kadem, M. J. 2000. Growing common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in earthen ponds using supplementary diets and fertilization. 7th Conference of Technical Education Research 7-8 May 2000, Baghdad-Iraq. pp. 25-32. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Balasem, A. N., Hussain, A. F. and Abed, B. K. 2002. Natural food of golden fish Carassius auratus from Euphrates River and its adjacent waters, Thekar Province, Iraq. Journal of Fishery Research, 21:49-54. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma'a, A. A. and Jasim, Z. M. 1993. The natural food of Liza abu during the flood in Al-Hammar Marsh, south Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 9:59-64.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Jasim, Z. M. and Kadum, M. J. 2002. The limitation of fish length coefficient and gillnet mesh size for fishing water plane south of Iraq. Journal of Fishery Research, 21:55-59. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Kadhom, M. J. and Mohammad, M. A. 2000. Length-weight relationship and condition factors of fish from Al-Qadisiya Reservoir, Iraq. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 2:133-138. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma'a, A. A., Mohammad A. A., Saleh, K. I. and Mohammed, A.M. 1997. Rearing of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. on natural feed in the middle of Iraq. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(1):32–49. In Arabic.

Al–Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Abdul–Kader, K. H., Khadoum, J. M., Muhsin, O. M. and Juma’a, M. J. 1996. The effect of food quantity on Cyprinus carpio L. growth during winter in the middle region of Iraq. Journal of Babylon University Pure Sciences, 1(3):195–204. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma'a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A. and Al-Mashhadany, A. J. 1999. The natural food of fish from Al-Qadisiya Reservoir. 2 - Kattan Barbus xanthopterus and other Barbus species. Dirasat Pure Sciences, 26(1):137-149. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Al-Mashhadany, A. J. and Mohsen, M. O. 2000. Length-weight relationship and natural food of bizz Barbus esocinus (Heckel, 1843) from Iraqi waters. Journal of Al-Qadisiya,5(1):240-253. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma'a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A. and Hammady, A. J. 1996. The natural food of fish from Al-Qadisiya Reservoir. 1 - Common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Dirasat Agricultural Sciences, 23(2):143-150. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Humadi, A. J. and Abdullah, L. R. 1997. The effect of substitution of soybean by Vicia faba (field bean) in diet of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Babylon University, Pure and Applied Science, 2(3):215-225. In Arabic.

~Al- Shamma’a A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Hussain, T. S. and Mohssin, M. A. 2000. The natural food of fish from Iraqi water. 2. Shilik Aspius vorax, 3. Boura’an Leuciscus. Mutah Lil-Buhoth Wad-Dirasat. Natural Science Series (Mutah University), 15(3):133-138. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Naseer, E. N. and Nasha’at, M. R. 2006. Diet overlap of fish in Haditha (Al-Qadesiya) Reservoir - Iraq. Omm Salama Journal for Sciences, 3(1):32-41. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A. and Salman, N. A. 1996. The effect of different feeding methods on the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(1):179-184. In Arabic.

~Al–Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Shalash, F. J. and Khadem, M. J. 1995. Length and weight and food of Chondrostoma regium from Tigris River near the lower reaches of Diyala River Al–Za’afaraniya, Baghdad. Agricultural Journal of Mesopotamia, 27(4):9–12. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Shalash, F. J., Kadum. M. J. and Al-Mashhadany, A. J. 2002. Natural feeding of shabbutt, Barbus grypus (Heckel) in the north part of Tigris River. Proceedings of the 8th Scientific Conference on Technical Education, Baghdad (Agricultural Research), pp. 261-271. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A., Shawardy, A. O., Muhsin, M. O. and Juma’ah, M. J. 2001. The use of non–conventional diet for feeding common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in earthen ponds. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 3(1):156-160.

~Al–Shamma’a, A. A., Mohammad, M. A. and Thykum, M. A–R. 1995. The natural food of Liza abu (Heckel, 1843), from Tigris River near the lower reaches of Diyala River Al–Za’afaraniya, Baghdad. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):356–365. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Saleh, K. I., Al–Ashaab, M. H., Mahmod, A. M. and Yousif, O. S. 1999. Use of brewery by–products in feeding of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Al–Takany, Al-Bohoth Al-Takanyia, 53:113-121. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Saleh, K. I., Al-Razzak, M. A. A., Al–Ashaab, M. H., Ahmad, A. S. and Chaiad, I. S. 1998. Protein requirements for the young of Iraqi fishes (katttan, Barbus xanthopterus; shaboot, B. grypus; and buni; B. sharpeyi. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(2):210-220. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Saleh, K. I., Kadoum, M. J., Hussain, T. S. and Juma’a, M. 1999. The effect of different level of fertilization and polyculture on common carp Cyprinus carpio L. growth in earthen ponds. Journal of Al–Takany, Al-Bohoth Al-Takanya, 54:165-175. In Arabic.

~Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Saleh, K. I. and Mansoor, R. H. 2006. Natural feeding of the marine silver shia’am Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782) cultured in Ar-Razaza Lake. Proceedings of the 1st Scientific Conference, College of Education, Karbala University, Karbala 25/April/2005. Karbala University Science Journal, 3:315-332. In Arabic.

Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Salman, A. H., Aaleh, K. I., Al-Ashaab, M. H., Ahmad, A. S. and Tchad, I. S. 1999. The use of tomato pulp (without seeds) instead of yellow corn in the diet of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Al–Takany, Al-Bahoth Al-Takanya, 60:200-210. In Arabic.

Al–Shamma’a, A. A., Salman, A. H., Al-Ashaab, M. H., Ahmad, A. S. and Tchyad, I. S. 1997. The use of tomato processing wastes as a partial replacement for maize in the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Dirasat (Agricultural Science), 24(1):69-73. In Arabic.

Al-Shatti, S. M. 1994. Study of chemical composition and bacteriological content and its relationship to quality and storage conditions of Hilsa ilisha and Cyprinus carpio in Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Shaway, S. F. 1998. Effect of tide and ebb on the concentration of certain trace metals of Saddam River - southern part. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):189-200. In Arabic.

Al-Shawi, S. A. S. 2000. Study of some chemical materials in anaesthetize (sic) golden carp fingerlings Carassius auratus. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(1):213-224. In Arabic.

Al-Sheriffi, H. R., Hindi, M. J. and Al-Shatty, S. M. H. 2002. Early bacterial content of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sbour (Tenualosa ilisha) caught from Basrah. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):23-30.

Altae, M. A. J. 2005. Food, industrial and drugs products from fish, shrimp and their wastes. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):157-170. In Arabic.

~Al-Tamimi, M. T., Balasem, A. N. and Ammash, H. S. 1999. Cytogenetic, haematological and molecular study on Liza abu as a biological indicator for mercury pollution. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture, 4(5):142-150.

Al-Tememmi, R. A. 1998. Impact of protein to energy ratio in the diets on the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Al-Timari, A. A. K. 2001. Review: Levels of oil pollution during the last two decades in southern of Iraq and the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):289-309. In Arabic.

Al-Timari, A. A. K., Hantoush, A. A. and Naser, A. M. 2003. Petroleum hydrocarbons in southern of Iraqi water. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(2):141-149. In Arabic.

Altinbilek, D. 2004. Development and management of the Euphrates-Tigris basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 20(1):15-33.

Altindağ, A. 1996. Some population feature, growth and condition of the chub (Leuciscus cephalus L., 1758) in Aksehir Lake (Konya). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(Supplement):53-65.

Alwash, A., Alwash, S. and Cattarossi, A. 2004. Iraq's marshlands - demise and the impending rebirth of an ecosystem, 9 pp. In: Sehlke, G., Hayes D. F. and Stevens, D. K. (Eds.). Proceedings of the World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004, June 27 - July 1, 2004, Salt Lake City. CD-ROM.

Alwash, A. and Cattarossi, A. 2005. Hydrological potential for the restoration of the marshes of southern Iraq. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Al-Watban, E. A. 1982. Ecological and biological studies on two freshwater fish species, Aphanius dispar and Gambusia affinis, in the vicinity of Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 137 pp. In Arabic.

Al-Yamani, F. Y. and Khan, N. Y. 2002. Changes in riverine input and loss of wetlands, p. 235-251. In: Khan, N. Y., Munawar, M. and Price, A. R. G. The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and Sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden. xxi + 509 pp.

Al-Yamour, K. Y., Allouse, S. B. and Al-Jafary, A. R. 1988. Some biological aspects of Liza abu (Heckel) Mugilidae, in Al-Daoodi Drain. (Baghdad, Iraq). Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering, 23(5):497-508.

Al-Zaag, A. A. and Al-Saadi, A. M. 2002. Cloning of bizz fish growth gene and analysis of its biological expression. 27th World Veterinary Congress, September 25-29, 2002, Tunis (abstract 108).

Al-Zarka, S. and Coche, A. G. 1985. Prospects of aquaculture in the Arabian world. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 1985(6):15-29. In Arabic.

Al-Zobaidy, A. B. 1998. Studies on parasitic fauna of carps raised in Hilla farms. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Babel, Babel.

Al-Zubaidi, F. and Saleh, M. M. 2001. Study on some heavy metals on the muscles of Barbus grypus, B. xanthopterus, and Silurus triostegus collected from Hilla River. Journal of Babylon University, 6(3):407-413. In Arabic.

Amado, M. A. P. da M., da Rocha, C. E. F., Piasecki, W., Al-Daraji, S. A. M. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2001. Copepods of the family Ergasilidae (Poecilostomatoida) parasitic on fishes from Khor al-Zubair Lagoon, Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 459:213-221.

AMAR. 1994. An Environmental and Ecological Study of the Marshlands of Mesopotamia. In: Wetland Ecosystems Research Group. University of Exeter, London.

Amin, O. M., Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2003a. Description of Pomphorhynchus spindletruncatus n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Pomphorhynchidae) from freshwater fishes in northern Iraq, with the erection of a new pomphorhynchid genus, Pyriproboscis n. g., and keys to genera of the Pomphorhynchidae and the species of Pomphorhynchus Monticelli, 1905. Systematic Parasitology, 54(3):229-235.

Amin, O. M., Abdullah, S. M. A. and Mhaisen, F. T. 2003b. Neoechinorhynchus (Neoechinorhynchus) zabensis sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from freshwater fish in northern Iraq. Folia Parasitologia, 50(4):293-297.

Amin, O. M., Al-Sady, R. S. S., Mhaisen, F. T. and Bassat, S. F. 2001. Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from the freshwater mullet, Liza abu (Heckel), in Iraq. Comparative Parasitology, 68(1):108-111.

Amodeo, G. 1956. Report to the Government of Iraq on the possibilities of developing the sea fishing industry. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, (FAO/56/2/1327), Report No. 438:iv + 20 pp.

Andersskog, B. 1966. Report to the Government of Iraq on preliminary fishery survey. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, FAO/UNDP(TA) Report 2226:1-8.

Anderson, R. 1966. Aphanius mento. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 3(2):24-25.

Andrews, D. A. 1983. Aphanius dipar (sic) a brackish water killie. Journal of the American Killifish Association, KN Features, 16(1):24-26.

Annandale, N. 1913. Notes on the fishes, Batrachia and reptiles of the Lake of Tiberias. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9:31-41.

Annandale, N. 1916. The distribution and origin of the fauna of the Jordan system with special reference to that of Lake Tiberias. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 11(1915):437-476.

Anonymous. 1969. Recent introductions. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fish Culture Bulletin, 1(2):12.

Anonymous. 1972. Fish and shellfish introductions. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fish Culture Bulletin, 5(1):18.

Anonymous. 1988. OPINION 1500. Cobitis Linnaeus, 1758 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes): Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 designated as the type species, and the original spelling of the family-group name Cobitidae Swainson, 1839 confirmed. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 45(2):178-179.

Anonymous. 1993. OPINION 1715. Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes): not given precedence over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 50(1):92-93.

Anonymous. 2001. Iraqi Marshlands: Prospects. First drafts of papers presented to the conference of the AMAR International Charitable Foundation. London. 204 pp.

Anonymous. 2002. The demise of Mesopotamian marshlands. United Nations Chronicle Online Edition, 39(2):5 pp.

Antoine, S. E. 1977. Seasonal variations of the environmental characteristics and phytoplankton blooms of Tigris, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 150 pp.

Antoine, S. E. 1983. Limnological investigation in the polluted Rabat Canal and the Shatt al-Arab river, Basrah, Iraq. Nova Hedwigia, 38:497-518.

Antoine, S. E. and Al-Saadi, H. A. 1982. Limnological studies on the polluted Ashar Canal and Shatt al-Arab River at Basrah (Iraq). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 67(3):405-418.

Anuradha, S. 1986. Contributions to the study of Bagrid fishes. 19. Systematic position of Macrones halepensis colvillii Hora & Misra, 1943, with description of a new species (Siluriformes, Bagridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 93(2):291-296.

Anuradha, S. and Jayaram, K. C. 1985. Contributions to the study of bagrid fishes. 18. Redescription of Mystus pelusius Solander, the type species of the genus Mystus Scopoli. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 7(1):107-111.

Anwar, S. M. and Ismail, A. W. 1979. Dispersion pattern of parasite population of Mugil fish. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 11(2):211-214.

Aqrawi, A. A. M. 2001. Stratigraphic signatures of climatic change during the Holocene evolution of the Tigris-Euphrates delta, lower Mesopotamia. Global and Planetary Change, 28(1-4):267-283.

Aqrawi, A. A. M. and Evans, G. 1994. Sedimentation in the lakes and marshes (Ahwar) of the Tigris-Euphrates Delta, southern Mesopotamia. Sedimentology, 41(4):755-776.

Arabian Organisation for Agricultural Development. 1986. Fisheries development in the inland waters of Iraq. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Development of the Marsh Area in Southern Iraq, Nasiria, 2-4 December 1986. 37 pp. In Arabic.

Arani, M. M., Allameh, S. K., Esteky, A. A. and Danialy, S. R. 2003. Evaluation of particles abundance and digestion in silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix gut. AquaEuro 2003, European Aquaculture Society, Trondheim, Norway, August 8-12, 2003 (title).

Armantrout, N. B. 1980. The freshwater fishes of Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. xx + 472 pp.

Armantrout, N. B. 1990. Fish distribution as influenced by aquatic habitat alteration and species introductions, pp. 199-206. In: Daniel, J. C. and Serrao, J. S. (Eds.). Conservation in developing countries: problems and prospects. Proceedings of the centenary seminar of the Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay Natural History Society / Oxford University Press, Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, Madras. ix + 656 pp.

Arndt, E. A. and Al-Saadi, H. A. 1975. Some hydrographical characteristics of the Shatt Al-Arab and adjacent areas. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, 24(6):789-796.

Arnove, A. 2000. Iraq under siege: ten years on. Monthly Review, 52(7):12 pp. (www.monthlyreview.org).

~Asmar, K. R., Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Khateeb, G. H. and Al-Jawada, J. M. 1999. Survey of the parasites of some fish species from Al-Qadisiya dam lake, Iraq. Ibn-Al Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 12(1):52-61. In Arabic.

Asmatullah, K., Bilqees, F. M. and Kakar, J. K. 2006. Rhabdochona kharani sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from the fish Labeo gedrosicus Zugmayer, 1912 from Garruk, District Kharan, Balochistan, Pakistan. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 30(1):63-68.

Assadi, H. and Dehqani Posterudi, R. 1997. Atlas-e Mahian-e Khalij-e Fars o Darya-ye Oman/Atlas of the Persian Gulf & the Sea of Oman Fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Tehran. 10 + 226 + 23 pp. In Farsi and English.

Atallah, M. A. 1978. Study of morphological and biological characteristics of gattan Barbus xanthopterus from Tigris River and Al-Tharthar water reservoir. St. Fis. Company, Iraq. In Arabic.

Ataur-Rahim, M. 1981. Observations on Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1828), a mosquito larvivorous fish in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 75(3):359-362.

Aydin, R., Calta, M., Sen, D. and Coban, M. Z. 2004. Relationship between fish lengths and otolith length in the population of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) inhabiting Keban Lake Dam. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(9):1550-1553.

Aziz, F. M. and Al-Mehdi, M. I. A. 1985. Histochemical distribution of certain hydrolytic enzymes of the liver of Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann). Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 3(4):59-72.

Băcescu, M. 1962. Contribution à la systématique du genre Cobitis. Description d'une espèce nouvelle, Cobitis calderoni, provenant de l'Espagne. Revue de Biologie, Bucarest, 6(4)(1961):435-448.

Backiel, T., Bartel, R., Bielawski, S., Epler, P. and Szypula, J. 1984. Detailed report on the development of fisheries in the Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah lakes. Part 4. Polservice Consulting Engineers, Warsaw. 80 pp.

Badry, M. M., Mehdi, M. S., Khawar, J. M. 1980. Water resources in Iraq. In: Johl, S. S. (Ed.). Irrigation and agricultural development. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 370 pp.

Bagnall, R. 1919. Large carp from Mesopotamia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 26:679-680.

Bailey, R. M. 1951. The authorship of names proposed in Cuvier and Valenciennes' "Histoire Naturelle des Poissons". Copeia, 1951(3):249-251.

Ba Kader, A. B. A., Al Sabbagh, A. L. T. El S., Al Glenid, M. Al S. and Izzidien, M. Y. S. 1983. Basic paper on the Islamic principles for the conservation of the natural environment. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland. 25 pp.

Balasem, A. N., Ali, A-S. K. and Mutar, A. J. 2001. The sensitivity of Carassius carassius to heavy metals pollution. II. Lead. Proceedings of the Fourth Scientific Conference, University of Al-Qadisiya, 28-29 March 2001 (title).

Balasem, A. N., Ali, A-S. K. and Mutar, A. J. 2002. Sensitivity of some freshwater fishes for water pollutants. Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Management, (EPCOWM’2002), 7-10 January 2002, Tunis, p. 38-42.

Balasem, A. N., Ali, A-S. K. and Mutar, A. J. 2003. Haematological studies on the effect of two types of glyphosats (sic) on grass carp fish Ctenopharyngodon idella. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(1):77-85. In Arabic.

~Balasem, A. N., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Ali, A. K. and Al-Kubaisi, T. F. 2002. Occurrence of Carassius auratus L. in Iraqi inland waters. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture, 7(7):158-163. In Arabic.

Balasem, A. N., Dalli, F. A. and Mutar, A. J. 1994. Karyotyping of Barbus sharpeyi. Cytobios, 78(314):177-180.

Balasem, A. N., Jawada, J. M., Asmar, K. R. and Adday, T. K. 2002. An overview of fish resources in Iraq with some emphasis on parasitic agents. 27th World Veterinary Congress, September 25-29, 2002, Tunis (abstract 109).

Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Adday, T. K., Al-Juwda, J. M. and Asmar, K. R. 2003. A second survey of parasitic infections in freshwater fishes from the al-Qadisiyah Dam Lake, Euphrates River, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(2):123-140. In Arabic.

~Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Khateeb, G. H. and Asmar, K. R. 1997. Recording of species Myxidium butschli, 1882 (Sporozoa: Myxosporidia) for the first time in fishes of Iraq. Al-Mustansiriya Journal of Science, Baghdad, 8(3):92-95.

Balasem, A. N., Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Shaikh, S. M. J., Al-Khateeb, G. H., Asmer, K. R. and Adday, T. K. 1995. Survey of fish parasites from Tigris River at Al-Zaafaraniya, south of Baghdad, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):226-235.

Balasem, A. N., Mutar, A. J. and Ali, A. S. K. 2001. The frequencies of micronuclei in red blood cells of Carassius carassius exposed to cyanide. The 2nd Symposium for Environmental Pollution, Babylon University, 14-15 March 2002 (title).

Balayoff, D. 1948-1949. Fish in Iraq. Iraqi Magazine of Agriculture, Baghdad, 3(1) and 4(1). In Arabic.

Balon, E. K. 1974. Domestication of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Miscellaneous Publication, 37 pp.

Balon, E. K. 1995. The common carp, Cyprinus carpio: its wild origin, domestication in aquaculture, and selection as colored nishikigoi. Guelph Ichthyology Reviews, 3:1-55.

Banarescu, P. 1960. Einige Fragen zur Herkunft und Verbreitung der Süβwasserfischfauna der europäisch-mediterranen Unterregion. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 57(1/2):16-134.

Banarescu, P. 1968. Süßwasserfische der Türkei. Ergänzende Angaben zu Teil 2: Cobitidae. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 65:353-356, Taf. 1-3.

Bănărescu, P. 1969. Characterisation of world freshwater fish faunas according to Mayr (1965)'s schema. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Zoologie, Bucarest, 14(1):9-15.

Bănărescu, P. 1973. Some reconsiderations on the zoogeography of the Euro-Mediterranean fresh-water fish fauna. Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Zoologie, Bucarest, 18(4):257-264.

Banarescu, P. 1976. Position zoogéographique de l'ichthyofaune d'eau douce de l'Asie occidentale. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches maritimes, 40(3 et 4):486-487.

Banarescu, P. 1977. Position zoogéographique de l'ichthyofaune d'eau douce d'Asie occidentale. Cybium, 3(2):35-55.

Banarescu, P. M. 1989. Vicariant patterns and dispersal in European freshwater fishes. Spixiana, 12(1):91-103.

Bănărescu, P. M. 1991. The subspecies in freshwater ichthyology. Evolution and Adaptation, Cluj, 4:183-190.

Bănărescu, P. 1992b. Zoogeography of Fresh Waters. Volume 2. Distribution and Dispersal of Freshwater Animals in North America and Eurasia. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden. pp. 519-1091.

Bănărescu, P. 1995. Zoogeography of Fresh Waters. Volume 3. Distribution and Dispersal of Freshwater Animals in Africa, Pacific Areas and South America. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden. pp. 1092-1617.

Bănărescu, P. M. 1997. The status of some nominal genera of Eurasian Cyprinidae (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes). Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie Animale, 42(1):19-30.

Bănărescu, P. M. (Ed.). 1999. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Volume 5. Cyprinidae 2. Part I: Rhodeus to Capoeta. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. xviii + 427 pp.

Bănărescu, P. M. and Bogutskaya, N. G. (Eds.). 2003. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Volume 5/II. Cyprinidae 2. Part II: Barbus. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. x + 454 pp.

Bănărescu, P. and Coad, B. W. 1991. Cyprinids of Eurasia, Chapter Five, pp. 127-155, 1 figure, 1 table. In: Winfield, I. J. and Nelson, J. S. Cyprinid Fishes. Systematics, biology and exploitation. Chapman & Hall, London. 667 pp., 132 illustrations. (Fish and Fisheries Series, 3).

Banarescu, P. M. and Herzig-Straschil, B. 1995. A revision of the species of the Cyprinion macrostomus-group (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 97B:411-420

Banarescu, P. und Nalbant, T. 1964. Süßwasserfische der Türkei. 2. Teil Cobitidae. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 61:159-201.

Bănărescu, P. and Nalbant, T. 1967. The 3rd Danish Expedition to Central Asia. Zoological Results 34. Cobitidae (Pisces) from Afghanistan and Iran. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 129(1966):149-186, pl. XIX-XXI.

Bănărescu, P. M. and Nalbant, T. T. 1995. A generical classification of Nemacheilinae with description of two new genera (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Grigore Antipa, Bucurešti, 35:429-496.

Banarescu, P., Nalbant, T. T. und Balik, S. 1978. Süßwasserfische der Türkei 11. Teil. Die Gattung Orthrias in der Türkei und in Südbulgarien (Pisces, Cobitidae, Noemacheilinae). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 75:225-266, 1 Taf.

Banarescu, P., Nalbant, T. T. and Goren, M. 1982. The Noemacheiline loaches from Israel (Pisces: Cobitidae: Noemacheilinae). Israel Journal of Zoology, 31:1-25.

Bănărescu, P. M. and Paepke, H-J. (Eds.). 2003. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Volume 5/III. Cyprinidae 2. Part III: Carassius to Cyprinus. Gasterosteidae. AULA-Verlag, Wiebelsheim. xi + 305 pp.

Banat, K. M., Howari, F. M. and Abdullah, M. B. 2006. Mineralogy and hydrochemical characteristics of the late marshes and swamps of Hor Al Hammar, southern Iraq. Journal of Arid Environments, 65(3):400-419.

Banister, K. E. 1980. The fishes of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, pp. 95-108. In: Rzóska, J. Euphrates and Tigris, Mesopotamian ecology and destiny. Monographiae Biologicae, 38:x + 122 pp.

Banister, K. 1992. Blind cave fishes. Aqua Geõ-graphia, 2:65-73.

Banister, K. E., Backiel, T. and Bishop, J. 1994. Fisheries. Report prepared for the Wetland Ecosystems Research Group, University of Exeter.

Banister, K. E. and Bunni, M. K. 1980. A new blind cyprinid fish from Iraq. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 38(3):151-158.

Banister, K. E. and Clarke, M. A. 1977. The freshwater fishes of the Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Oman Studies, Special Report, 1:111-154, 1 map.

Bannai, M. A. A., Al-Daraji, S. A. M., Jarallah, H. M., Bannai, J. A. A. and Wanes, A. K. 2005. Helminth parasites of grey mullet Liza subviridis (Val., 1836) from Khor Abdullah, Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(2):311-316.

Bannai, M. A. A., Al-Daraji, S. A. M., Jarallah, H. M. and Hussain, N. A. 2005. Three new parasites recorded from the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. 1758, captured from southern part of the Al-Hammar marshes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Bannai, M. A. A., Al-Daraji, S. A. M. and Jori, M. M. 2005. Diegentic trematodes of the fish Hemiramphus marginatus (Forsskal, 1775) from Khor Abdullah, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(2):277-282.

Ba-Omar, T. A. and Prentis, P. F. 1992. An ultrastructural study of Sertoli cells in two geographically isolated populations of Aphanius dispar, p. 548-549. In: Bailey, G. W., Bentley, J. and Small, J. A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, Part 1. Boston.

Barak, N. A. A. 1978. Food habits of three Iraqi fishes, Aphanius dispar (Rüppell), Liza abu (Heckel) and Alburnus mossulensis (Heckel), in Al-Saklawiah irrigation drainage system. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 147 pp.

Barak, N. A. A. and Mohamed, A-R. M. 1982. Food habits of cyprinid fish, Barbus luteus (Heckel). Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, Basrah, 1(1):59-66.

Barak, N. A. A. and Mohamed, A-R. M. 1983. Biological study of the cyprinid fish, Barbus luteus (Heckel) in Garma Marshes. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 14(2):53-70.

Barak, N. A. A. and Mohamed, A. M. 1985. The growth of carp (Barbus sharpeyi Gunther). Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 6:257-262. In Arabic.

Barak, N. A. E. 1995. Concentration of zinc and copper in some fishes from Basrah, Iraq. Marine Research, Karachi, 4(1):1-6.

Barak, N. A.-E., Salman, N. A. and Ahmad, S. M. 1994. The piscivorous feeding of mudskipper Periophthalmus waltoni Koumaus (sic) from Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 26(3):280-283.

Bardakci, F., Degerli, N., Ozdemir, O. and Basibuyuk, H. H. 2006. Phylogeography of the Turkish brown trout Salmo trutta L.: mitochondrial DNA PCR-RFLP variation. Journal of Fish Biology, 68(supplement A):36-55.

Bardakci, F., Tatar, N. and Hrbek, T. 2004. Genetic relationships between Anatolian species and subspecies of Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes) based on RAPD markers. Biologia, Bratislava, 59(5):559-566.

Bartel, R., Epler, P. and Zdanowski, B. 1986. The development of fisheries in the Iraqi lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Gospodarka Rybna, 38(2/3):29-33. In Polish.

Bartley, D. M. and Rana, K. 1998a. Stocking inland waters of the Islamic Republic of Iran. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, 18:16-19.

Başusta, N. and Çiçek, E. 2006. Length-weight relationships for some teleost fishes caught in Atatürk dam lake on (sic) southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4):279-280.

Batmanglij, N. 1999. (Fish). iv. Fish as food, p. 672. In: Yarshater, E. (Ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York. Volume IX, Fascicle 6. Festivals VIII-Fish.

Battalgil, F. 1941. Türkiyenin tatlı su balıkları (Istanbul Universitesi Hayvanat Enstitüsü kolleksiyonu) [Les poissons des eaux douces de la Turquie. (Collection de l'Institut de Zoologie de l'Université d'Istanbul)]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B6:(1-2):170-186.

Battalgil, F. 1942. Contribution à la connaissance des poissons des eaux douces de la Turquie. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B, 7:287-306.

Battalgil, F. 1944. Nouveaux poissons des eaux douces de la Turquie. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B, 9(2):126-133.

Bauchot, M.-L., Daget, J. et Bauchot, R. 1990. L'ichtyologie en France au début du XIXe siècle. L'Histoire naturelle des Poissons de CUVIER et VALENCIENNES. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e série, 12, section A, numéro 1, supplément:3-142.

Bauchot, M. L., Desoutter, M., Hoese, D. F. and Larson, H. K. 1991. Catalogue critique des types de poissons du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) Sous-ordre des Gobioidei. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e série, 13, section A, numéros 1-2, supplément:1-82.

Bawazeer, A. S. 1981. Age and growth of gattan, Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel) and shabbout, B. grypus (Heckel) in Habbaniya Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 94 pp.

Bawazeer, A. S. 1987. The fishery biology and management of the stock of chim, the giant sea catfish (Arius thalassinus) in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 9:87-100.

Bawazeer, A. S. 1989. The stock and fishery biology of Indian flathead (wahar) Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus), Family Platycephalidae in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 10:169-178.

Beaumont, P. 1978. The Euphrates River - an international problem of water resources development. Environmental Conservation, 5(1):35-43.

Beaumont, P. 1981. Water resources and their management in the Middle East, pp. 40-72. In: Clarke, J. I. and Bowen-Jones, H. (Eds.). Change and development in the Middle East. Essays in Honour of W. B. Fisher. Methuen, London. xiii + 322 pp.

Beaumont, P. 1998. Restructuring of water usage in the Tigris-Euphrates basin: the impact of modern water management policies. Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies Bulletin, 103:168-186.

Beaumont, P., Blake, G. H. and Wagstaff, J. M. 1976. The Middle East: A Geographical Study. John Wiley and Sons, London. xvii + 572 pp.

Beckman, W. C. 1962. The freshwater fishes of Syria and their general biology and management. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Biology Technical Paper, 8:v + 297 pp.

Beeston, R. 2007. Blood-stained Tigris mars Iraqi fishing tradition. Ottawa Citizen, 7July 2007, p. A9.

Behnke, R. J. 1975a. Efficacy of the grass carp for vegetation control and the potential environmental impact of their introduction. MS, 7 pp.

Beidas, M. F. and White, G. B. 1982. Comparison of three types of larvivorous fish (Aphanius Ruppell, Gambusia Girard, Poecilia Peters) for predation on anopheline versus culicine larvae. Progress Reports on Mosquito Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 43:23-24.

Belayew, D. 1955. The geographical position of Iraq and its effect on the life of fish. Majallat az-Zira'at al-'Iraqiya (Magazine of Iraqi Agriculture), 10:3 + 521-524. In Arabic.

Ben-Tuvia, A. 1978. Fishes, p.407-430. In: Serruya, C. (Ed.). Lake Kinneret. Monographiae Biologicae, 32:501 pp.

Berg, L. S. 1911-1914. Fauna Rossii i sopredel'nykh stran. Ryby. [Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Fishes]. Volume I. Marsipobranchii, Selachii and Chondrostei. iii + 337 pp., pl. I-VIII; Volume III. Ostariophysi. Book 1:336 pp., pl. I-II, Book 2:337-704, pl. III-VI. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk, St. Petersburg/Petrograd.

Berg, L. S. 1918. Novyi vid somika, Glyptosternum armeniacum, iz basseina Evfrata [On a new siluroid fish, Glyptosternum armeniacum n. sp., from the upper Euphrates]. Izvestiya kavkazkago Muzeya, Tiflis, 11(3-4):145-148.

Berg, L. 1931. Description of a new siluroid fish, Glyptosternum kurdistanicum from the basin of the Tigris river. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, 7:1267-1270. In English.

Berg, L. S. 1932. Eine neue Barilius-Art (Pisces, Cyprinidae) aus Mesopotamien. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 100:332-334.

Berg, L. S. 1933. Übersicht der Verbreitung der Süβwasserfische Europas. Zoogeographia, 1(2):107-208, 1 Karte.

Berg, L. S. 1934. Razdelenie Palearktiki na zoogeograficheskie oblasti na osnovanii rasprostraneniya presnovodnykh ryb [Zoogeographic divisions of the Palaearctic based on the distribution of freshwater fishes]. Trudy vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo, 1933(3):3-10, map.

Berg, L. S. 1940. Zoogeografiya presnovodnykh ryb Perednei Azii [Zoogeography of freshwater fish of the Near East]. Uchenye Zapiski leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Seriya Geograficheskikh Nauk, 3:3-31.

Berg, L. S. 1948-1949. Freshwater fishes of the USSR and adjacent countries. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem (1962-1965). 3 volumes.

Berg, L. S. 1949. Presnovodnye ryby Irana i sopredel'nykh stran [Freshwater fishes of Iran and adjacent countries]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 8:783-858.

Berra, T. M. 1981. An Atlas of Distribution of the Freshwater Fish Families of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. xxix + 197 pp.

Berra, T. M. 2001. Freshwater Fish Distribution. Academic Press, San Diego. xxxviii + 604 pp.

Berrebi, P. 1995. Speciation of the genus Barbus in the north Mediterranean basin: recent advances from biochemical genetics. Biological Conservation, 72(2):237-249.

Berrebi, P., Kotlík, P. and Tsigenopoulos, C. S. 2001. Phylogeny of the polyphyletic genus Barbus (Cyprinidae): mtDNA to solve (nuclear) polyploid phyla organization. The 10th European Congress of Ichthyology ECI X, Programme & Book of Abstracts, Prague, Czech Republic, September 3-7, 2001. p. 26.

Berrebi, P., Kottelat, M., Skelton, P. and Ráb, P. 1996. Systematics of Barbus: state of the art and heuristic comments. Folia Zoologica, Prague, 45 (Supplement 1):5-12.

Bertin, L. et Estève, R. 1948. Catalogue des types de poissons du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e Partie. Ostariophysaires (Cypriniformes). Paris. 117 pp.

Bertin, L. et Estève, R. 1950. Catalogue des types de poissons du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 5e partie. Ostariophysaires (Siluriformes). Paris. 85 pp.

Bhatnagar, A. N., Al-Noori, S. A. and Gorgees, N. S. 1978. Studies on the histomorphology and histochemistry of the saccus vasculosus of Cyprinion macrostomus. Acta Anatomica, 100(2):221-228.

~Bhatti, N. M. 1976. Possibilities for increasing fish production in Iraq by using fertilizers. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 5:217-222. In Arabic.

Bhatti, N. M. 1979. A note on the occurrence of costiasis disease in the stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from Basrah waters. Journal of the Arab Gulf, 11(1):216.

Bhatti, M. N. and Al-Daham, N. K. 1978. Annual cyclical changes in the testicular activity of a freshwater teleost, Barbus luteus (Heckel) from Shatt-Al-Arab, Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology, 13:321-326.

Bhatti, M. N., Al-Daham, N. K. and Sharma, K. P. 1981. Toxicity of the pesticide malathion on two freshwater fishes of Iraq. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 13(2):39-42.

Bhatti, M. N., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Rashid, K. H. 1977. Effects of progesterone on the ovary and secondary sexual characters of Heteropneustes fossilis from Basrah waters. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 8:31-35.

Bhimachar, B. S. 1944. Poison glands in the pectoral spines of two catfishes - Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) and Plotosus arab (Forsk), with remarks on the nature of their venom. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, B, 19:65-70.

Bianco, P. G. 1990. Potential role of the palaeohistory of the Mediterranean and Paratethys basins on the early dispersal of Euro-Mediterranean freshwater fishes. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 1(2):167-184.

Bianco, P. G. 1995a. A revision of the Italian Barbus species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 6(4):305-324.

Bianco, P. G. 1995b. Factors affecting the distribution of freshwater fishes especially in Italy. Cybium, 19(3):241-259.

Bianco, P. G. and Banarescu, P. 1982. A contribution to the knowledge of the Cyprinidae of Iran (Pisces, Cypriniformes). Cybium, 6(2):75-96.

Billard, R. (Ed.). 1995. Carp: biology and culture. Springer-Praxis Series in Aquaculture & Fisheries, Praxis Publishing, Chichester. xiii + 342 pp.

Billard, R. and Berni, P. 2004. Trends in cyprinid polyculture. Cybium, 28(3):255-261.

Binnie, G. M. 1950. Some notes on the Karun River and the Shatt el Arab. Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1949-1950(3):204-252.

Biro, P., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1988. On stunted growth of Barbus luteus (Heckel) in river Diyala, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(1):129-147.

Bishay, F. K. 2003. Towards Sustainable Agricultural Development in Iraq. The Transition from Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction to Development. Technical Cooperation Department, Oil-for-Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, SCR 986 OSRO/IRQ/607/DHA. 222 pp.

Bishop, J. M. 2002. Fishing and mariculture, p. 253-277. In: Khan, N. Y., Munawar, M. and Price, A. R. G. The Gulf Ecosystem: Health and Sustainability. Backhuys, Leiden. xxi + 509 pp.

Bishop, J. M. 2003. History and current checklist of Kuwait's ichthyofauna. Journal of Arid Environments, 54(1):237-256.

Biswas, A. K. (Ed.). 1994. International Waters of the Middle East from Euphrates-Tigris to Nile. Oxford University Press, Bombay. xvii + 221 pp.

Blaber, S. J. M., Milton, D. A. and Brewer, D. T. 1997. Life history strategies of tropical estuarine shads genus Tenualosa (Clupeidae). Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 14.

Blake, G., Dewdney, J. and Mitchell, J. 1987. The Cambridge Atlas of the Middle East & North Africa. Cambridge University Press. vii + 124 pp.

Blaustein, L. and Byard, R. 1993. Predation by a cyprinodontid fish, Aphanius mento, on Culex pipiens: effects of alternative prey and vegetation. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 9(3):356-358.

Blegvad, H. and Løppenthin, B. 1944. Fishes of the Iranian Gulf. Einar Munksgaard, Copenhagen. 247 pp., XII pls. (1999 translation into Farsi by E. Etemad and B. Mokayyer with supplement, Tehran University Publications No. 1744:26 + 416 pp., XI pls.).

Bless, R. 1996. Reproduction and habitat preference of the threatened spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus Bloch) and soufie (Leuciscus souffia Risso) under laboratory conditions (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), p. 249-258. In: Kirchhofer, A. and Hefti, D. Conservation of Endangered Freshwater Fish in Europe. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel. xii + 341 pp.

Bodenheimer, F.-S. 1934. Contribution à l'étude de la zoogéographie des poissons du sud Paléarctique. Bulletin de la Société centrale d'Aquiculture, Clermont, 4-6:33-42.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 1988. Morphological characters of some groups of genera of the subfamily Leuciscinae. Journal of Ichthyology, 28(3):26-34.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 1990. Morphological fundamentals in classification of the subfamily Leuciscinae (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae). Communication 1. Journal of Ichthyology, 30(3):63-77.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 1994. A description of Leuciscus lepidus (HECKEL, 1843) with comments on Leuciscus and leuciscine - aspinine relationships (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 96B:599-620.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 1995. Leuciscus kurui, a new cyprinid fish from the upper Tigris (Dicle) system. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 92:149-154.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 1997. Contribution to the knowledge of leuciscine fishes of Asia Minor. Part 2. An annotated check-list of leuciscine fishes (Leuciscinae, Cyprinidae) of Turkey with descriptions of a new species and two new subspecies. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 94:161-186.

Bogutskaya, N. G. 2002. Petroleuciscus, a new genus for the Leuciscus borysthenicus species group (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 11(1):235-237.

Bogutskaya, N. G., Kucuk, F. and Unlu, E. 2000. Alburnus baliki, a new species of cyprinid fish from the Manavgat River system, Turkey. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 11(1):55-64.

Bohlen, J. 2001. Biology and diversity of spined loaches of the genus Cobitis - state of the art and open questions. The 10th European Congress of Ichthyology ECI X, Programme & Book of Abstracts, Prague, Czech Republic, September 3-7, 2001. p. 26.

Borkenhagen, K. 2005. Systematik und Zoogeographie der "groβschuppigen Barben" des vorderen Orients. Diplomarbeit an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel. 121 + x pp.

Bonine, M. E. 1980. The Urbanization of the Persian Gulf Nations, pp. 225-278. In: Cottrell, A. J. The Persian Gulf States. A General Survey. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. xxxiv + 695 pp.

Bornbusch, A. H. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships within the Eurasian catfish family Siluridae (Pisces: Siluriformes), with comments on generic validities and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 115(1):1-46.

Bottéro, J. 1985. The cuisine of ancient Mesopotamia. Biblical Archaeologist, 48(1):36-47.

Bottero, J. 2004. The Oldest Cuisine in the World. Cooking in Mesopotamia. University of Chicago Press. xii + 134 pp.

Boulenger, G. A. 1895. Catalogue of the perciform fishes in the British Museum. Second Edition. London. xix + 394 pp., xv pls.

Boulenger, G. A. 1912. A synopsis of the fishes of the genus Mastacembelus. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 2(15):197-203.

Brice, W. C. (Ed.). 1978. The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age. Academic Press, London. xx + 384 pp.

Briggs, J. C. 1987. Biogeography and plate tectonics. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 10:x + 204 pp.

Brooks, C. E. P. 1949. Climate through the Ages: A study of the climatic factors and their variations. McGraw-Hill, New York. 395 pp.

Buckingham, J. S. 1829. Travels in Assyria, Media, and Persia, including a Journey from Bagdad by Mount Zagros, to Hamadan, the Ancient Ecbatana, Researches in Ispahan and the Ruins of Persepolis, and Journey from thence by Shiraz and Shapoor to the Sea-shore. Description of Bussorah, Bushire, Bahrein, Ormuz, and Muscat, Narrative of an Expedition against the Pirates of the Persian Gulf, with Illustrations of the Voyage of Nearchus, and Passage by the Arabian Sea to Bombay. Henry Colburn, London. xvi + 545 pp., map.

Budge, E. A. W. 1920. By Nile and Tigris, a narrative of journeys in Egypt and Mesopotamia on behalf of the British Museum between the years 1886 and 1913. John Murray, London. 2 volumes.

Buringh, P. 1957. Living conditions in the lower Mesopotamian plain in ancient times. Sumer, 13(1 & 2):30-46, figs. 1-10.

Butty, A.-K. N., Mhaisen, F. T. and Ali, N. M. 1989. Isolation of three water molds from two freshwater fishes and insect exuviae. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering, 24(1):17-22.

Butz, K. 1978. Fischabgabe und Feldabgabe in Fischen und Vögeln an den Nanna-Tempel in Ur in altbabylonischer Zeit? Ein Versuch. Archiv für Orientforschung, 26:30-44.

Butzer, K. W. 1957. Late glacial and postglacial climatic variation in the Near East. Erdkunde, 11:21-35.

Butzer, K. W. 1958a. The Near East during the last glaciation: a palaeogeographical sketch. Geographical Journal, 124(3):367-369.

Butzer, K. W. 1958b. Quaternary stratigraphy and climate in the Near East. Bonner Geographische Abhandlungen, 24:1-157, 16 figs.

Butzer, K. W. 1961. Climatic change in arid regions since the Pliocene, pp. 31-56. In: Stamp, L. D. Arid Zone Research - XVII. A history of land use in arid regions. UNESCO, Paris. 388 pp.

Butzer, K. W. 1975. Patterns of environmental change in the Near East during Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene times, pp. 389-410. In: Wendorf, F. and Marks, A. E. (Eds.). Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas. 462 pp.

Butzer, K. W. 1978. The late prehistoric environmental history of the Near East, pp. 5-12. In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.). The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age. Academic Press, London. xx + 384 pp.

Byniak, E. 1979. The effect of day length and temperature on the reproductive cycle of the female Aphanius mento (Heckel), (Cyprinodontiformes, Teleostei). Ph.D. Thesis, Zoology Department, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 69 pp. In Hebrew.

Caddy, J. F. and Cochrane, K. L. 2001. A review of fisheries management past and present and some future perspectives for the third millennium. Ocean and Coastal Management, 44:653-682.

Cadoux, H. W. 1906. Recent changes in the course of the lower Euphrates. Geographical Journal, 28:266-277.

Çalişkan, M., Yerli, S. V. and Canbolat, A. F. 1999. Çıldır Gölü (Ardahan) Barbus plebejus Heckel, 1843 Populasyonunun Büyüme Parametreleri [The growth parameters of Barbus plebejus Heckel, 1843 in Çıldır Lake-Ardahan]. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23 (supplement 1):233-239.

Caras, R. A. 1964. Dangerous to Man. Chilton Books, Philadelphia. xix + 433 pp.

Çarkoğlu, A. and Eder, M. 2001. Domestic concerns and the water conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River basin. Middle Eastern Studies, 37(1):41-71.

Carp, E. and Scott. D. A. 1979. The Wetlands and Waterfowl of Iraq: Report on the Joint Expedition of the International Waterfowl Research Bureau and the Basrah University, Iraq, 10th January to 3rd February, 1979. IWRB. pp. 1-34.

Carpenter, B. and Ozernoy, I. 2003. Water world. Can Iraq's vast marshes be brought back to life? U.S. News and World Report, 2003/08/11, 4 pp. (www.usnews.com).

Carpenter, K. E., Krupp, F., Jones, D. A. and Zajonz, U. 1997. Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. viii + 293 pp., XVII plates.

Carstairs, T. 2001. Humanitarian mine action in northern Iraq. Journal of Mine Action, 5(3):7 pp. (www.maic.jmu.edu, downloaded 30 June 2006).

Castro, V. 2005. Reversing a scorched-earth policy. Urban, 8(2):28-29.

Chan, E. H. and Chua, T. E. 1979. The food and feeding habits of greenback grey mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), from different habitats and at various stages of growth. Journal of Fish Biology, 15(2):165-171.

Chan, E. H. and Chua, T. E. 1980. Reproduction in the greenback grey mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836). Journal of Fish Biology, 16(5):505-519.

Chantre, E. 1882. Rapport sur une mission scientifique dans l'Asie occidentale et spécialement dans les régions de l'Ararat et du Caucase. Archives des Missions scientifiques et litteraires, Série III(10):199-263, pl. I-XIV.

Charyev, R. 1984. Some consequences of the introduction and acclimatization of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cyprinidae), in the Kara Kum Canal. Journal of Ichthyology, 24(3):1-8.

Chesney, F. R. 1850. The Expedition for the Survey of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris, carried on by Order of the British Government, in the Years 1835, 1836, and 1837; preceded by geographical and historical notices of the regions situated between the rivers Nile and Indus. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. 4 volumes.

Chikova, V. M. 1967. O sistematike golyavlya Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordm. i podusta Chondrostoma cyri Kessler Arpilichskogo vodokhranilishcha [On the systematics of golyavlya Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordm. and podusta Chondrostoma cyri Kessler in the Arpilichskogo reservoir]. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 7, 1(42):18-22.

Choudhury, A. and Dick, T. A. 2000. Richness and diversity of helminth communities in tropical freshwater fishes: empirical evidence. Journal of Biogeography, 27(4):935-956.

Christensen, P. 1998. Middle Eastern irrigation: legacies and lessons. Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies Bulletin, 103:15-30.

Christophers, S. R. and Shortt, H. E. 1920-1921. Malaria in Mesopotamia. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 8:508-552.

Ciamarra, U. P. 2004. Preparedness for and early response to complex humanitarian emergencies: FAO in Iraq, 2002-2003. Paper prepared for the UNU-WIDER Conference on 'Making Peace Work', Helsinki, 4-5 June, 2004. 22 pp.

Ciepielewski, W., Martyniak, A. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Ichthyofauna in the Dokan and Derbendikhan reservoirs. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):157-170.

CIMI (Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative). 2004. Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative. Project Implementation Plan. University of Waterloo, Ontario and Environment Canada, Ottawa . iii + 69 pp.

Civil, M. 1961. The home of the fish. A new Sumerian literary composition. Iraq, 23:154-175.

Clark, P. and Magee, S. (Eds.). 2001. The Iraqi Marshlands. A human and environmental study. The Amar International Charitable Foundation, London. 256 pp. (www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2001/amar-irq-30nov.pdf).

Clayton, D. A. and Snowden, R. 2000. Surface activity in the mudskipper, Periophthalmus waltoni Koumans 1941 in relation to prey activity and environmental factors. Tropical Zoology, 13(2):239-249.

Clayton, D. A. and Vaughan, T. C. 1982. Pentagonal territories of the mudskipper Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pisces: Gobiidae). Copeia, 1982(1):233-235.

Clayton, D. A. and Vaughan, T. C. 1986. Territorial acquisition in the mudskipper Boleophthalmus boddarti (Teleostei: Gobiidae) on the mudflats of Kuwait. Journal of Zoology, London, 209:501-519.

Clayton, D. A. and Vaughan, T. C. 1988. Ethogram of Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas)(Teleostei, Gobiidae), a mudskipper found on the mudflats of Kuwait. Journal of the University of Kuwait (Sciences), 15:115-138.

Clayton, D. A. and Wright, J. M. 1989. Mud-walled territories and feeding behaviour of Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pisces: Gobiidae) on the mudflats of Kuwait. Journal of Ethology, 7:91-95.

Clugston, J. P. and Shireman, J. V. 1987. Triploid grass carp for aquatic plant control. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, Fish and Wildlife Leaflet, 8:3 pp.

Coad, B. W. 1979. Poisonous and venomous freshwater fishes of Iran. Pahlavi Medical Journal, 9(4):388-407.

Coad, B. W. 1980a. A provisional, annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 76(1)(1979):86-105.

Coad, B. W. 1980b. Environmental change and its impact on the freshwater fishes of Iran. Biological Conservation, 19(1):51-80.

Coad, B. W. 1981. Glyptothorax silviae, a new species of sisorid catfish from southwestern Iran. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 27(4):291-295.

Coad, B. W. 1982a. Review of "Euphrates and Tigris, Mesopotamian Ecology and Destiny" by Julian Rozska (sic) with contributions by J. F. Talling, F. R. S. and Dr. K. E. Bainster (sic). Monographiae Biologicae, Volume 38, Dr. W. Junk by (sic) Publishers, The Hague, 1980. x + 122 pp., 36 figs., map.-U.S. $33.31. Matsya, Bulletin of the Indian Society of Ichthyologists, 7(1981):102-104.

Coad, B. W. 1982b. Studies on the systematics and zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Programme of the Fourth Congress of European Ichthyologists, 20.-24. 9. 1982, Hamburg, West Germany. 1 p. (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1982c A re-description and generic re-assignment of Kosswigobarbus kosswigi (Ladiges, 1960), a cyprinid fish from Turkey and Iran. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 79:263-265.

Coad, B. W. 1982d. The identity of Alburnus maculatus Keyserling, a cyprinid fish from Esfahan Province, Iran. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 29(2):227-228.

Coad, B. W. 1983. Review of "The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka - A Handbook". By K. C. Jayaram. 1981. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. xxii + 475 pp., 208 figs., 13 plates (2 color). Rs 100.00 or $22.50. Copeia, 1983(1):280-282.

Coad, B. W. 1984. Acanthobrama centisquama Heckel and the validity of the genus Mirogrex Goren, Fishelson and Trewavas (Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Hydrobiologia, 109(3):275-278.

Coad, B. W. 1985. Alburnus doriae De Filippi, 1864 a synonym of Leuciscus lepidus (Heckel, 1843)(Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Matsya, 9-10(1983-1984):173-175.

Coad, B. W. 1987a. The tooth-carps of Iran. Program and Abstracts, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 67th Annual Meeting, 21-26 June 1987, Albany, New York. p. 39 (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1987b. Zoogeography of the Freshwater Fishes of Iran, pp. 213-228, 1 figure, 2 tables. In: Krupp, F., Schneider, W. and Kinzelbach, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz, 1985. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), 28, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, 338 pp.

Coad, B. W. 1988. Aphanius vladykovi, a new species of tooth-carp from the Zagros Mountains of Iran (Osteichthyes: Cyprinodontidae). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 23(1-2):115-125. (Reprinted with same pagination in McAllister, D. E. and Kott, E. (Eds.). On lampreys and fishes: a memorial anthology in honor of Vadim D. Vladykov. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes, 8:1-162, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London).

Coad, B. 1989. Tooth-carps and Tangs or Orogeny and Speciation in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Research Results Conference, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, 2-3 October 1989. 2 pp. (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1991. Fishes of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin: A Critical Checklist. Syllogeus, Ottawa, 68:1-49.

Coad, B. W. 1992a. Marine Fishes of the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman. Checklist and Bibliography. Syllogeus, Ottawa, MS. 214 pp.

Coad, B. W. 1992b. Out of Africa? The large-scale barbs of Southwest Asia. Collections and Research CONFERENCE des collections et recherche 1992, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, February 18, 1992 / le 18 février 1992. p. 28. (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1992c. Zoogeography of the fishes of Mesopotamia. Collections and Research CONFERENCE des collections et recherche 1992, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, February 18, 1992 / le 18 février 1992. p. 30. (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1992d. Environmental change and its impact on the freshwater fishes of Iran, pp. 103-104. In: Trussell, D. (Ed.). The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams. Volume III. A Review of Literature. Wadebridge Ecological Centre, Camelford, U.K. xiv + 243 pp. (abstract of Coad (1980c)).

Coad, B. W. 1993. Expedition Field Techniques. Fishes. Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society, London. iv + 82 pp., 25 illustrations.

Coad, B. W. 1994a. Exotic and transplanted fishes in Southwest Asia. VIII Congress Societas Europaea Ichthyologorum, Oviedo, Spain, September 26 to October 2, 1994, p. 20 (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1994b. Criteria for assessing the conservation status of taxa. Science Forum Scientifique, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, November 21 Novembre 1994, p. 35 (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1994c. Exotic and transplanted fishes in Southwest Asia. Science Forum Scientifique, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, November 21 Novembre 1994, p. 36 (abstract).

Coad, B. W. 1995a. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Academiae Scientiarum Bohemicae, Brno, 29(1):1-64.

Coad, B. W. 1995b. Expedition Field Techniques: Fishes. Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society, London. 2nd Edition. v + 97 pp., 27 illustrations.

Coad, B. W. 1996a. Systematics of the tooth-carp genus Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontidae) in Fars Province, southern Iran. Biologia, Bratislava, 51(2):163-172.

Coad, B. W. 1996b. Zoogeography of the fishes of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 13:51-70.

Coad, B. W. 1996c. Exotic fish species in the Tigris-Euphrates basin. Zoology in the Middle East, 13:71-83.

Coad, B. W. 1996d. Exotic and transplanted fishes in southwest Asia. Publicaciones Especiales Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 21:81-106.

Coad, B. W. 1997a. Status of shad in Iranian waters? Shad Journal, 2(2):3.

Coad, B. W. 1997b. Systematic biodiversity in the freshwater fishes of Iran. Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 25.

Coad, B. W. 1997c. Systematic biodiversity in the freshwater fishes of Iran. Science FORUM scientifique, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, November 20 novembre, 1997, p. 27 (abstract).

Coad, B. 1997d. Shad in Iranian waters. The Shad Journal, Seattle, 2(4):4-8.

Coad, B. W. 1998a. Description of Barbus sublimus Coad and Najafpour, 1997, 2 pp., 2 figures. In: Berrebi, P. (Ed.). Atlas Barbus on the Internet, Université Montpellier, France (http://162.38.181.13/webbarbus/).

Coad, B. W. 1998b. Description of Barbus grypus Heckel, 1843, 2 pp., 2 figures. In: Berrebi, P. (Ed.). Atlas Barbus on the Internet, Université Montpellier, France (http://162.38.181.13/webbarbus/).

Coad, B. W. 1998c. Systematic biodiversity in the freshwater fishes of Iran. Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (Supplement):101-108. (Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI-9) "Fish Biodiversity" organised in Naples at the University Federico II and held in Trieste - Italy, 24-30 August 1997).

Coad, B. W. 1998d. Expedition Field Techniques: Fishes. Expedition Advisory Centre, Royal Geographical Society, London. 2nd Revised Edition. v + 97 pp., 27 illustrations. ISBN 0-907649-71-8.

Coad, B. W. 1999a. Researchs and scientists. Brian W. Coad. Iran Nature and Wildlife Magazine, Farvadin 1378(3):2 pp., 2 figures. In Farsi and English.

Coad, B. W. 1999b. (Fish). i. Freshwater fishes, p. 655-669. In: Yarshater, E. (Ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York. Volume IX, Fascicle 6. Festivals VIII-Fish.

Coad, B. W. 1999c. Verspreiding van Aphanius-soorten in Iran. Killi-Kontakt, Wommelgem, 27(4):102-110. In Flemish.

Coad, B. W. 2000a. Criteria for assessing the conservation status of taxa (as applied to Iranian freshwater fishes). Biologia, Bratislava, 55(5):539-557.

Coad, B. W. 2000b. Distribution of Aphanius species in Iran. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 33(6):183-191.

Coad, B. W. 2003a. Freshwater fishes, 15 pp., 20 figures, 2 tables. In: Yarshater E. (Ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica (Daneshnameh-ye Iranika). Volume IX, Fascicule 6. Festivals VIII - Fish. Bibliotheca Persica Press, New York. (on-line version of Coad (1999b) at www.iranica.com/articles/v9f6/v9f641a.html, downloaded 30 July 2003).

Coad, B. W. (contributor). 2003b. Building a Scientific Basis for Restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands: Findings of the International Technical Advisory Panel Restoration Planning Workshop, February 2003, Convened by the Eden Again Project, Iraq Foundation. iii + 68 pp. (www.iraqfoundation.org/projects/edenagain/2003/dmay/report.doc).

Coad, B. W. 2006. Endemicity in the freshwater fishes of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics, 1(1)(2005):1-13.

Coad, B. W. (Continuing). Bibliography on the Freshwater Fishes of Iran. http://gause.biology.ualberta.ca/Keivany/irbiblcoad.html. First posted 10 September 1996. Page originally maintained by Yazdan Keivany at the University of Alberta, Edmonton and now replaced by this website.

Coad, B. W. (Continuing). Freshwater Fishes of Iran. First posted 26 February 2002 at www.briancoad.com, maintained by Brian W. Coad and Nicholas P. Coad, Pure Throttle Technologies Inc., Ottawa, Ontario.

Coad, B. W. (Continuing). Freshwater Fishes of Iraq. First posted 28 September 2005 at www.briancoad.com, maintained by Brian W. Coad and Nicholas P. Coad, Pure Throttle Technologies Inc., Ottawa, Ontario.

Coad, B. W. and Abdoli, A. 1993a. Exotic fish species in the fresh waters of Iran. Science Forum scientifique, Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature, Ottawa, November 17 novembre 1993. p. 40. (abstract).

Coad, B. W. and Abdoli, A. 1993b. Exotic fish species in the fresh waters of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 9:65-80.

Coad, B. W. and Abdoli, A. 1996. Biodiversity of Iranian freshwater fishes. Abzeeyan, Tehran, 7(1):4-10, IV. In Farsi, English abstract.

Coad, B. W. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1989a. A Bibliography of the Fishes of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin / Bibliographie der Fische des Euphrat-Tigris-Beckens. Max Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg. 56 pp. ISBN 3-925064-05-2. DM 19.80. (dated 1988).

Coad, B. W. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1989b. Freshwater shark attacks at Basrah, Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 3:49-53.

Coad, B. W., Atz, J. W. and Keivany, Y. 2000. Fish imagery in art 82: Jonah and the fish. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(1):9.

Coad, B. W. and Delmastro, G. B. 1985. Notes on a sisorid catfish from the Black Sea drainage of Turkey. Cybium, 9(3):221-224.

Coad, B. W. and Holčík, J. 2000. On Silurus species from Iran (Actinopterygii: Siluridae). Folia Zoologica, Prague, 49(2):139-148.

Coad, B. W. and Hussain, N. A. 2007. First record of the exotic species Hemiculter leucisculus (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) in Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 40:107-109.

Coad, B. W., Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Limburg, K. E. 2003. Middle Eastern shads. In: Limburg, K. E. and Waldman, J. R. (Eds.). Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation of the World’s Shads. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 35:59-67 (ISBN 1-888569-51-4, ISSN 0892-2284).

Coad, B. W. and Keivany, Y. 2002b. Reviews of "Atlas of Iranian Fishes: Gilan Inland Waters. K. Abbasi, A. Valipour, D. Talebi Haghighi, A. Sarpanah, and Sh. Nezami. 1999. Gilan Fisheries Research Centre, Rasht. vi + 113 p. 35,000 Rls ($4.38)(paperback). The Inland Water Fishes of Iran. A. Abdoli. 2000. Iranian Museum of Nature and Wildlife, Tehran. ISBN: 964-6902-01-4. 378 p. 75,000 Rls ($9.38)(hardbound). A Guide to the Fauna of Iran. E. Firouz. 2000. Iran University Press (University Publication Centre), Tehran. ISBN: 964-01-0956-8. vi + 491 p. 45,000 Rls ($5.63)(hardbound). Freshwater Fishes of Iran. H. Mohammadian. 1999. Sepehr Publications Centre, Tehran. ISBN: 946-6123-18.X. vii + 178 p. 12,000 Rls ($1.50)(paperback)". Copeia, 2002(4):1164-1166.

Coad, B. W. and Krupp, F. 1983. Redescription of Barilius mesopotamicus Berg, 1932 a poorly known cyprinid fish from the Tigris-Euphrates basin. Cybium, 7(1):47-56.

Coad, B. W. and Krupp, F. 1994. Capoeta aculeata (Valenciennes in Cuv. & Val., 1844), a valid species of cyprinid fish from Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 10:63-72.

Coad, B. W. und Kuru, M. 1986. Bibliographie der Fische der Türkei/A Bibliography of the Fishes of Turkey, pp. 15-77. In: Kasparek, M. (Ed.). Zoologische Bibliographie der Türkei. Zoological Bibliography of Turkey. Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia. Max Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg. 118 pp. ISBN 3-925064-01-X. DM 24.50.

Coad, B. W. and McAllister, D. E. (Continuing). Dictionary of Ichthyology. First posted 4 September 2002 at www.briancoad.com, maintained by Brian W. Coad and Nicholas P. Coad, Pure Throttle Technologies Inc., Ottawa, Ontario.

Coad, B. W. and Najafpour, N. 1997. Barbus sublimus, a new species of cyprinid fish from Khuzestan Province, Iran. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 7(3):273-278.

Coad, B. W. and Nalbant, T. T. 2005. A new genus and a new species of a remarkable nemacheilid fish from Iran (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Nemacheilidae). Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest, 48:303-308.

Coad B. W. and Nalbant T. T. 2006. On the systematic position of the recently described genus and species Ilamnemacheilus longipinnis from Iran (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Nemacheilidae). 3rd International Conference Loaches of the Genus Cobitis and Related Genera. Biology, Systematics, Genetics, Distribution, Ecology, Conservation. Sibenik, Croatia, 24-29 September 2006 (title).

Coad, B. W. and Papahn, F. 1988. Shark attacks in the rivers of southern Iran. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 23(1-2):131-134. (Reprinted with same pagination in McAllister, D. E. and Kott, E. (Eds.). On lampreys and fishes: a memorial anthology in honor of Vadim D. Vladykov. Developments in Environmental Biology of Fishes, 8:1-162, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London).

Coad, B. W. and Sarieyyüpoğlu, M. 1988. Cobitis elazigensis, a new species of cobitidid fish from Anatolia, Turkey. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 34(4):426-430.

Coad, B. W. and Vilenkin, B. Ya. 2004. Co-occurrence and zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 31:53-61.

Coad, B. W. with Waszczuk, H. and Labignan, I. 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian Fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa and Canadian Sportfishing Productions, Waterdown. viii + 928 pp.

Çolak, A. 1983. Tatlısu kefali, Leuciscus lepidus (Heckel, 1843)'un boy-yaş ilişkileri üzerine araştirmalar [Research on relationships between length and age of Leuciscus lepidus (Heckel, 1843)]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1):21-29.

Cole, S. W. 1994. Marsh formation in the Borsippa Region and the course of the lower Euphrates. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 53(2):81-109.

Collares-Pereira, M. J. 1994. The karyology of barbins and the possible plesiomorphic condition of polyploïdy in Cyprinidae. Bulletin français de la pêche et de la pisciculture, 334:191-199.

Collette, B. B. 1982. Rediscovery of Hyporhamphus xanthopterus, a half beak endemic to Vembanad Lake, Kerala, southern India. Matsya, 7(1981):29-40.

Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Volume 4. Sharks of the World. An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes, Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Synopsis, 125(4), part 1:viii + 1-249; part 2:x + 251-655.

Compagno, L. J. V. 1988. Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. xxii + 486 pp., 21 figs., 35 plates.

Compagno, L. J. V. and Cook, S. F. 1995. The exploitation and conservation of freshwater elasmobranchs: Status of taxa and prospects for the future. Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences, 7:62-90.

Conci, C. and Michelangeli, M. 1974. Catalago dei tipi del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. I. I tipi dei pesci, con note storiche sulla collezione ittiologica. Atti della Società italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Milano, 115(3-4):213-237.

Costa, W. J. E. M. 1997. Phylogeny and classification of the Cyprinodontidae revisited (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes): Are Andean and Anatolian killifishes sister taxa? Journal of Comparative Biology, 2(1):1-17.

Courtenay, W. R. and Stauffer, J. R. (Eds.). 1984. Distribution, Biology, and Management of Exotic Fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. xiv + 430 pp.

Cressey, G. B. 1958. The Shatt al-Arab Basin. Middle East Journal, 12(4):448-460.

Cudmore, B. and Mandrak, N. E. 2004. Biological synopsis of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 2705:v + 44 pp.

Cunningham, S. L. 2000. Do brothers divide shares forever: Obstacles to the effective use of international law in Euphrates River basin water issues. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 21(1):131-172.

Cuvier, G. et Valenciennes, A. 1828-1849. Histoire naturelle des poissons. 22 volumes. Paris. (Reprint A. Asher & Co., Amsterdam).

Dadikyan, M. G. 1972. A new subspecies of the European riffle minnow Alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis subsp. nov. Journal of Ichthyology, 12(3):519-522.

Dadikyan, M. G. 1973. Variability of the Armenian riffle minnow (Alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi (Filippi)) in relation to the altitude at which it occurs. Journal of Ichthyology, 13(1):68-78.

Dadzie, S., Abou-Seedo, F. and Al-Qattan, E. 2000. The food and feeding habits of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 16(2):61-67.

Dadzie, S., Abou-Seedo, F. and Al-Shallal, T. 1998. The onset of spawning in the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters and its implications for management. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 5(6):501-510.

Dadzie, S., Abou-Seedo, F. and Al-Shallal, T. 2000. Reproductive biology of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 16(6):247-253.

Dadzie, S., Abou-Seedo, F. and Manyala, J. O. 2000. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) in Kuwaiti waters. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering, 27(1):123-136.

Dadzie, S., Manyala, J. O. and Abou-Seedo, F. 2005. Aspects of the population dynamics of Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwait Bay. Cybium, 29(1):13-20.

Dandamaev, M. A. 1981. Die Fischerei in neubabylonischer Texten des 6. und 5. Jahrunderts. v .u. .Z. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1981(4):67-82.

Daoud, A. 1978. Contribution à la connaissance de la biologie de Barbus xanthopterus, poisson Cyprinidae du lac Dokan (Iraq). Ph.D. Thèse, Université des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Montpellier. 88 pp.

Daoud, A. H. 1986. The biology of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in the Al-Hammar marsh, south Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 94 pp. In Arabic.

Daoud, H. A. M. 1977. Studies on aspects of the biology of Varicorhinus trutta. M.Sc. Thesis, Mosul University.

Daoud, H. A. M. 2005. Age and growth of Varicorhinus trutta (Heckel) in Tigris River at Salahuldin Province, Iraq. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 18(2):1-10.

Daoud, H. A. M., Abid, W. B. and A;l-Doori, T. Y. 1998. Observations on the reproductive biology of Liza abu (Heckel) from Tigris River. The Veterinarian, 8(1):154-164.

Daoud, H. A. M. and Qasim, H. 1999. Some observations on the biology of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel) from Tigris River. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 10(2):1-9.

Das, K., Al-Nasiri, S. K., Shukri, N. A. and Sharma, K. P. 1976. Biochemical studies on some commercially important fishes of Shatt al-Arab River and the Arab Gulf. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 6:105-113.

Das, K., Al-Nasiri, S. K., Shukri, N. A. and Sharma, K. P. 1977. Biochemical studies on some commercially important fish of Shatt Al-Arab and the Gulf, p.157-161. In: Proceedings on the Handling, Processing and Marketing of Tropical Fish, London, July 1976. Tropical Products Institute, London.

Das, K., Shukri, N. A. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1978. Production of protein concentrate from catfish. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 13:3-11.

Datta Munshi, J. S. 1993. Structure and function of the air-breathing organs of Heteropneustes fossilis. Advances in Fish Research, 1:99-138.

Datta Munshi, J. S. and Choudhary, S. 1996. Ecology of Heteropneustes Fossilis (sic)(Bloch). An Air-breathing Catfish of South East Asia. Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi. x + 174 pp.

Dawood, A. H. 1997. Food habit of Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 (Pisces, Siluriformes) from Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. Marine Mesopotamica, 12(1):75-85.

Day, F. 1875-1878. The Fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. London. Volume 1, Text: xx + 778 pp. Volume 2, Atlas - containing 198 plates.

Day, F. 1888. Supplement to the Fishes of India; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Williams and Norgate, London. pp. 779-816.

Day, F. 1889. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Fishes. Taylor and Francis, London. 2 volumes, xx + 548 pp., xiv + 509 pp.

de Chambrier, A., Al-Kallak, S. N. H. and Mariaux, J. 2003. A new tapeworm, Postgangesia inarmata n. sp. (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea: Gangesiinae), parasitic in Silurus glanis (Siluriformes) from Iraq and some comments on the Gangesiinae Mola, 1929. Systematic Parasitology, 55(3):199-209.

Dehghani, S. N., Maleki, M. and Akbari, S. 1998. The clinical study of wound healing after laparatomy (sic) in Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, 6(4):87-94, 8-9. In Farsi.

de Moor, J. 1998. In the beginning was fish. Fish in the ancient Near East, p. 84-93. In: Walker, H. (Ed.). Fish. Food from the Waters. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1997. Prospect Books, Totnes, Devon. 335 pp.

De Pinna, M. C. C. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of the Asian catfish families Sisoridae, Akysidae, and Amblycipitidae, with a hypothesis on the relationships of the Neotropical Aspredinidae (Teleostei, Ostariophysi). Fieldiana Zoology, new series 84 (1478):iv + 83 pp.

De Tchihatcheff, P. 1856. Asie Mineure. Part ii. Climatologie et zoologie. Paris. 2 volumes, xix + 842 pp, 4 pls.

De Villiers, M. 1999. Water. Stoddart, Toronto. xvi + 413 pp.

Demirok, N. K. and Ünlü, E. 2001. Karyotypes of cyprinid fish Capoeta trutta and Capeoeta capoeta umbla (Cyprinidae) from the Tigris River. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25(4):389-393.

Diemel, A. 1926a. Fisch-Texte der Zeit Urukaginas. Orientalia, 21:40-83.

Diemel, A. 1926b. Haus-, Feld- und Waldtiere, Körperteile als Opfergabe, Vögel und Fische, Klassification der Landtiere zur Zeit Urakaginas. Orientalia, 22:1-60.

Diester-Haass, L. 1973. Holocene climate in the Persian Gulf as deduced from grain-size and pteropod distribution. Marine Geology, 14:207-223.

Dimmock, L. 1945. The waterways of `Iraq. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, 1945:307-313.

Doadrio, I. 1990. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of western palaearctic species of the genus Barbus (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae). Aquatic Living Resources, 3(4):265-282.

Doadrio, I. and Carmona, J. A. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus Chondrostoma inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 33:802-815.

Douabul, A. A. 2007a. Pollutants levels in Tenualosa ilisha (sabor) fish collected from Iraqi marshes. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Douabul, A. A. 2007. Water quality of Iraqi southern marshes. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Douabul, A. A. Z., Abaychi, J. K., Al-Asadi, M. K. and Al-Awadi, H. 1987. Restoration of heavily polluted branches of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Water Research, 21(8):955-960.

DouAbul, A. A. Z., Al-Omar, M., Al-Obaidy, S. and Al-Ogaily, N. 1987. Organochlorine pesticide residues in fish from the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38(4):674-680.

DouAbul, A. A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T., Al-Obaidy, S. Z. and Al-Rekabi, H. N. 1987. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fish from the Arabian Gulf. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 35(1-2):187-194.

DouAbul, A. A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T. and Al-Rekabi, H. N. 1987. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in environmental samples from the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq. Environmental Pollution, 43(3):175-187.

DouAbul, A. A. Z., Al-Saad, H. T., Al-Timari, A. A. K. and Al-Rekabi, H. N. 1988. Tigris-Euphrates delta: a major source of pesticides to the Shatt al-Arab River (Iraq). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 17:405-418.

Dougherty, R. P. 1926. An archæological survey in southern Babylonia. I. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 23:15-28.

Dougherty, R. P. 1927. An archæological survey in southern Babylonia. Second part of survey. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 25:5-13.

Dragomirescu, L., Constantinescu, V. and Bănărescu, P. M. 1985. A numerical taxonomic method adequate to the biological thinking. Applications: Watanabe's example and the Acanthobrama genus (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa", Bucurešti, 27:243-265.

Dugan, P. (Ed.). 1993. Wetlands in Danger. A World Conservation Atlas. Oxford University Press, New York. 193 pp.

Duman, E and Duman, M. 1996. Keban Baraj Gülü'nden Avlanan Capoeta trutta Heckel, 1843 Ile Barbus rajanorum mystaceus Heckel, 1843'ün et Verimi Besin Değerleri [Meat yield and nutritional value of Capoeta trutta Heckel, 1843 and Barbus rajanorum mystaceus Heckel, 1843 caught from Keban Dam Lake]. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 13 (1-2):83-88.

Duman, E. and Şen, D. 1995. Keban Baraj Gölü'nde Yaşayan Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843)'da Karşılaştırmalı Yaş Tayini [Comparative age determination of Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843) living in Keban Dam Lake. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 12(3-4):293-297.

Durand, J. D., Persat, H. and Bouvet, Y. 1999. Phylogeography and postglacial dispersion of the chub (Leuciscus cephalus) in Europe. Molecular Ecology, 8:989-997.

Durand, J.-D., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Ünlü, E. and Berrebi, P. 2002. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Family Cyprinidae in the Middle East inferred from cytochrome b DNA - evolutionary significance of this region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 22(1):91-100.

Durand, J.-D., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Ünlü, E. and Berrebi, P. 2002. Erratum to "Phylogeny and biogeography of the Family Cyprinidae in the Middle East inferred from cytochrome b DNA - evolutionary significance of this region" [Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 22(2002) 91-100]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25(1):218.

Durand, J. D., Ünlü, E., Doadrio, I., Pipoyan, S. and Templeton, A. R. 2000. Origin, radiation, dispersion and allopatric hybridization in the chub Leuciscus cephalus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 267(1453):1687-1697.

Ebrahim, I. S. 1981. Some aspects of thermal acclimation in the freshwater fish, Chalcalburnus chalcoides. M.Sc. Thesis, Mosul University.

Economidis, P. S. and Nalbant, T. T. 1996. A study of the loaches of the genera Cobitis and Sabanejewia (Pisces, Cobitidae) of Greece, with description of six new taxa. Travaux du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle "Grigore Antipa", Bucurešti, 36:295-347.

Eden Again Project. 2003. Building a Scientific Basis for Restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands: Findings of the International Technical Advisory Panel Restoration Planning Workshop, February 2003, Convened by the Eden Again Project, Iraq Foundation. iii + 68 pp. (www.iraqfoundation.org/projects/edenagain/2003/dmay/report.doc).

Ekmekci, F. G. 1996a. Growth and reproduction properties of chub (Leuciscus cephalus Linnaeus, 1758) in Sariyar Dam Lake. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(Supplement):95-106. In Turkish.

Ekmekci, F. G. 1996b. Growth properties of carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) population in Sariyar Dam Lake (Ankara). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(Supplement):107-115. In Turkish.

Ekmekçi, F. G. and Banarescu, P. 1998. A revision of the generic position of Barynotus (Systomus) verhoeffi, and the validity of the genera Carasobarbus, Kosswigobarbus and Mesopotamichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Folia Zoologica, 47(supplement 1):87-96.

Ekmekçi, F. G. , Kırankaya, Ş. G. 2006. Distribution of an invasive fish species, Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 30(3):329-334.

El-Fadel, M., El Sayegh, Y., Abou Ibrahim, A., Jamali, D. and Ed-Fadl, K. 2002. The Euphrates-Tigris basin: a case study in surface water conflict resolution. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, 31:99-110.

El Gamal, A. R. 2001. Status and development trends of aquaculture in the Near East, p. 357-376. In: Subasinghe, R. P., Bueno, P., Phillips, M. J., Hough, C., McGladdery, S. E. and Arthur, J. E. (Eds.). Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. 471 pp.

El-Hawawi, A. S. N. and Al-Imam, M. S. E. 1984. Oöcyte differentiation and yolk formation in the Arabian barred fish Aphanius dispar. Journal of the College of Science, King Saud University, 15(2):443-452.

El Kholy, F. H. 1952. Hydrology of River Tigris. Directorate General of Irrigation, Iraq. 183 pp., map.

Elliot, G. F. 1977. [Untitled letter on Kurdistan fishes]. Proceedings of the Geological Association, 87(4):430.

Elvira, B. 1986. Revisión taxonómica y distribución geográfica del género Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Tesis Doctorales, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Madrid. 530 pp.

Elvira, B. 1988. Taxonomic revision of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Cybium, 11(2)(1987):111-140.

Elvira, B. 1991. Further studies on the taxonomy of the genus Chondrostoma (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae): species from eastern Europe. Cybium, 15(2):147-150.

Elvira, B. 1997. Taxonomy of the genus Chondrostoma (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae): an updated review. Folia Zoologica, Prague, 46(Supplement 1):1-14.

Emadi, H. 1996. The origin of mosquitofish in southern regions. Abzeeyan, Tehran, 7(5):2-3. In Farsi.

Epler, P., Bartel, R., Szczerbowski, J. A. and Syzpuła, J. 2001. The ichthyofauna of lakes Habbaniya, Tharthar and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):171-184.

Epler, P., Bartel, R., Chyb, J. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Diet of selected fish species from the Iraqi lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):211-223.

Epler, P., Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk, M., Popek, W., Bieniarz, K., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Reproductive biology of selected fish species from Lakes Tharthar and Habbaniya in Iraq. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):199-209.

Epler, P., Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk, M., Popek, W., Bieniarz, K., Kime, D. E. and Bartel, R. 1996. Gonadal development and spawning of Barbus sharpei (sic), Barbus luteus and Mugil hishni in fresh and saltwater lakes of Iraq. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 4(1):113-124.

Ergene, S. 1993. Karasu'da Yaşayan Chalcalburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843), (Pisces, Cyprinidae)'in Büyüme Oranları[The growth rates of Chalcalburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843), (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Karasu]. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 17(4):367-377.

Erkakan, F., Güler Atalay-Ekmekçi, F. and Nalbant, T. T. 1999. A review of the genus Cobitis in Turkey (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Cobitidae). Hydrobiologia, 403:13-26.

Eschmeyer, W. N. 1990. Catalog of the Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 697 pp.

Eschmeyer, W. N. (Ed.). 1998. Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 volumes, CD-ROM.

Eschmeyer, W. N., Ferraris, C. J., Hoang, M. D. and Long, D. J. 1996. A Catalog of the Species of Fishes. Preliminary version (Sept. 1996). http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/species.

Eskandary, Gh., Safeikhani, H. and Ghofleh Maramazi, J. 1999. Ichthyofauna and some biological indices in Karoon, Dez and Bahmanshir rivers (southwest of Iran). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 8(3):23-36, 2-3. In Farsi.

Esmaeili, H. R. and Coad, B. W. 2005. Range extension for Mystus pelusius (Solander in Russell, 1794) (Actinopterygii: Bagridae) in southern Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 34:112-114.

Etemadfar, A. R., Motabar, M. and Wossughi, Gh. 1983. A biological and ecological survey on the geographical distribution of Aphanius dispar as larvivorous fish ar (sic) the southern parts of Iran. Journal of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Tehran, 38(2-4):1-12. In Farsi.

Evans, M. I. (Ed.). 1994. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. BirdLife Conservation Series 2, BirdLife International, Cambridge. 410 pp.

Evans, M. I. 2002. The Ecosystem, p. 201-219. In: Nicholson, E. and Clark, P. (Eds.). 2002. The Iraqi Marshlands. A Human and Environmental Study. The AMAR International Charitable Foundation, London and Politico's Publishing, London. xv + 332 pp.

Ezat, M. E. and Alwan, Q. H. 2005. The ecological, social and economical dimensions of southern Iraqi marshes rehabilitation. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Faddagh, M. S. 2007. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the environment of Basrah Governate's rivers and marshes. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Faddagh, M. S., Ahmed, S. M. and Husain, S. A. 2004. Impact of gas oil on innic (sic) regulation, chloride cells and histopathological alterations in gills of mugilid Liza abu (Heckel) juveniles. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(1):36-52.

Faddagh, M. S. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 2005. Fish populations and food overlap among species in the southern Iraqi marshes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Fang, P.-W. 1942. Sur certains types peu connus de Cyprinidés des collections du Muséum de Paris. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, (2)14:169-172.

Fareed, K. H. and Baban, M. R. 1995. Aphanius dispar, a larvivorous fish as biocontrol of malarial mosquito in Al-Hudaidah Province, Yemen. Asia Life Sciences, 4(2):147-150.

~Farga, A. and Firas, M. C. 1988. Induced spawning technique of three Iraqi fishes bunni (Barbus sharpeyi), shabout (Barbus grypus) and gattan (Barbus xanthopterus). Al Wehda Fish Hatchery, Iraq. Unpublished report.

Farhan, A. 2005. The role of hydrology in marsh restoration in southern Iraq. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Fattohy, Z. I. 1975. Studies on the parasites of certain teleostean fishes from the river Tigris, Mosul, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul. 136 pp. In Arabic.

Fattohy, Z. I. 1978. Trypanosoma neinavana sp. n. from the fish Barbus grypus Heckel in Iraq. Current Science, Lahore, 47(1):33-35.

Fawzi, I., Salman, H. H. and Al-Mudaffar, N. 1993. Temporal distributions of some chemical parameters of Garmatt-Ali River, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):251-261.

Feidi, I. H. 1998. Fisheries development in the Arab World. Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies Bulletin, 103:388-406.

Feidi, I. 2003. Fisheries in Iraq - role in food security. Infofish International, 3:58-61.

Field, H. 1932. Fish at Jemdet Nasr and Kish. Field Museum News, 3(5):3.

Field, H. 1935. Painted pottery from Jemdet Nasr, Iraq. American Journal of Archaeology, 39(3):310-311 (see also Martin, R. A. (1935)).

Field, H. 1936. Fish in Mesopotamian 'flood' deposits. Man, 36(75).

Fink, S. 2005. Saving Eden. Discover, 26(7):54-59.

Firouz, E. 1974. Environment Iran. The National Society for the Conservation of Natural Resources and Human Environment, Tehran. v + 55 pp.

Firouz, E. 2000. A Guide to the Fauna of Iran. Iran University Press, Tehran. vi + 491 pp. In Farsi.

Firouz, E. 2005. The Complete Fauna of Iran. I. B. Tauris, London, New York. xiv + 322 pp.

Fischer, W. and Bianchi, G. (Eds.). 1984. FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. 6 volumes.

Fishelson, L., Goren, M., van Vuren, J. and Manelis, R. 1996. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Barbus spp., Capoeta damascina and their hybrids (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) in Israel. Hydrobiologia, 317(1):79-88.

Fisher, W. B. (Ed.). 1968. The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 1. The Land of Iran. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xix + 784 pp.

Food and Agriculture Organization. 1996. Fisheries and aquaculture in the Near East and North Africa: situation and outlook in 1996. FAO Fisheries Circular, 919:1-37.

Fouad, H. and Kholy, E. 1952. Hydrology of River Tigris. Directorate General of Irrigation, Iraq, Ar-Rabitta Press, Baghdad. 183 pp.

Fowler, H. W. and Steinitz, H. 1956. Fishes from Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel and Oman. Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel, 5B:260-292.

Franz, R. and Villwock, W. 1972. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Zahnentwicklung bei oviparen Zahnkarpfen der tribus Aphaniini (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 68:135-176, Taf. I-V.

Fraser, J. B. 1842. Mesopotamia and Assyria from the earliest ages to the present time; with illustrations of their natural history. 2nd Edition, Edinburgh. 383 pp.

Frenkel, V. and Goren, M. 1997. Some environmental factors affecting the reproduction of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1828). Hydrobiologia, 347:197-207.

Frenkel, V. 1995. The effects of environmental factors on the growth and reproduction of the fish Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1828). M.Sc. Thesis, Zoology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. 88 pp.

Frey, F. W. 1993. Power, conflict, and cooperation. Research & Exploration, 9(Water Issue):18-37.

Fricke, R., Bilecenoglu, M and Sari, H. M. 2007. Annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species (Gnathostomata and Petromyzontomorphi) of Turkey, including a Red List of threatened and declining species. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie), 706:169 pp.

Froese, R. and Pauly, D. (Eds.). 1996. FishBase 96. Concepts, design and data sources. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila. xi + 179 pp., CD-ROM.

Furlow, B. 2003. A struggle for Eden. New Scientist, 2392:14-15.

Gaffaroğlu, M., Yuksel, E. and Ráb, P. 2006. Note on the karyotype and NOR phenotype of leuciscine fish Acanthobrama marmid (Osteichthyes, Cyprinidae). Biologia, Bratislava, 61(2):207-209.

Gaillard, C. 1895. Notes sur quelques espèces de Cyprinodons de l'Asie Mineure et de la Syrie. Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, 6(2):1-15.

Garman, S. 1895. The Cyprinodonts. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 19(1):179 pp., 12 pls.

Garrick, J. A. F. 1982. Sharks of the genus Carcharhinus. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service Circular, 445:vii + 194 pp.

Geldiay, R. and Balık, S. 1996.Türkiye Tatlısu Balıkları. (Ders Kitabı). II. Baskı.Ege Üniversitesı SuÜrünleri Fakültesi Yayınları No: 46, Ders Kitabı Dizini No: 16, Ege Üniversitesı Basımevı, Bornova, Izmir.xviii + 532 pp., map.

Geldiay, R. und Kähsbauer, P. 1967. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Fischfauna der Türkei. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 70:159-168, Taf. I.

Geldiay, R. und Kähsbauer, P. 1975. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der türkischen Fischfauna. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 79:101-107.

Gerson, R. 1982. The Middle East: landforms of a planetary desert through environmental changes. Striae, Uppsala, 17:52-78.

Ghadiri, H. and Ghadiri, M. 2005. Marshlands of Mesopotamia and the rivers that feed them. 8th International Riversymposium 2005, 5-9 September, Brisbane, Australia, p. 34-35 (abstract), 35 pp. (PDF).

Ghafleh Marammazi, J., Eskandari, G. R., Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Kiabi, B. H. 2004. Study of spawning season and spawning ground of soboor (Tenualosa ilisha, Ham. Bunch., (sic) 1822) during its migration in Khuzestan rivers. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 4(1):89-102, 124.

Ghany, A. A. 1988. Seasonal variations of nutrients and other related parameters in Khor Al-Zubair and Shatt Al-Basrah Canal. Marina Mesopotamica, 3(1):103-114.

Ghliem, J. Dh. 2001. Survey and evaluation on NO3 concentration in natural water in Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):527-538. In Arabic.

Gholizadeh, M. B. 1963. Paper No. 6. Tidal irrigation in the delta of the Karun and Shatt-al-Arab rivers with complications from increased salinity of water, pp. 187-193. In: Proceedings of the Regional Symposium on Flood Control, Reclamation, Utilization and Development of Deltaic Areas (Held at Bangkok, Thailand, 2 to 9 July 1963), United Nations, New York, Water Resources Series, 25.

Gilles, A., Lecointre, G., Faure, E., Chappaz, R. and Brun, G. 2001. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the European cyprinids: implications for their systematics, reticulate evolution, and colonization time. Molecular Phylogenetics and Systematics, 10(1):132-143.

Gilles, A., Lecointre, G., Miquelis, A., Loerstcher, M., Chappaz, R. and Brun, G. 2001. Partial combination applied to phylogeny of European cyprinids using the mitochondrial control region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19(1):22-33.

Gleick, P. H. (Ed.). 1993. Water in Crisis. A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources. Oxford University Press, New York. xxiv + 473 pp.

Golani, D. 1997. Handbook of the Fishes of Israel. Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem. 269 pp. In Hebrew.

Goldsmith, E. and Hildyard, N. (Eds.). 1984. The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams. Volume One: Overview, 346 pp., 2 appendices, references; Volume Two: Case Studies, 331 pp.; Volume III: A Review of the Literature (Trussell, D. (Ed.), xiv + 243 pp. Wadebridge Ecological Centre, Camelford, U.K.

Goren, M. 1974. The freshwater fishes of Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 23:67-118.

Goren, M. 1983. Freshwater Fishes of Israel, Biology and Taxonomy. Hakkibbutz Hameuchad. 78 pp., 49 pls. In Hebrew.

Goren, M., Fishelson, L. and Trewavas, E. 1973. The cyprinid fishes of Acanthobrama Heckel and related genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 24(6):293-315.

Goren, M. and Ortal, R. 1999. Biogeography, diversity and conservation of the inland water fish communities in Israel. Biological Conservation, 89:1-9.

Goren, M. and Rychwalski, E. M. 1978. Hybrids of Aphanius dispar and Aphanius mento (Cyprinodontidae: Pisces). Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 63:259-264.

Gorgees, N. S. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1983. Histomorphology and the caudal neurosecretory system and urophysis of the freshwater teleost, Chondrostoma regius Heckel. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Jena, Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere, 109:397-406.

Gorshkova, G., Gorshkov, S. and Golani, D. 2002. Karyotypes of Barbus canis and Capeota damascina (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from the Middle East. Italian Journal of Zoology, 69(3):191-194.

Goubanov, E. P. and Shleib, N. A. (Eds.). 1980. Sharks of the Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Division, Agricultural Department, Ministry of Public Works, Kuwait. 69 pp., + 91 pp. In Arabic.

Government of Iraq. 1978. Development of fisheries and proposed program five years plan 1975-1979, study No. 7-9. High Agricultural Council, Baghdad.

Gözükara, S. E. and Çavaş, T. 2004. A karyological analysis of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from the eastern Mediterranean river basin in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28:497-500.

Grant, S. 2004. The striped catfishes of the genus Mystus Scopoli, 1777 (Siluriformes: Bagridae). Cat Chat, The Journal of the Catfish Study Group, 5(2):5-17.

Green, A. 1986. A note on the Assyrian "goat-fish", "fish-man" and "fish-woman". Iraq, 48:25-30, pl. V-X.

Greenfield, D. W. 1973. An evaluation of the advisability of the release of the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, into the natural waters of the United States. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 66(1-2):47-53.

Greenwood, P. H. 1967. Blind cave fishes. Studies in Speleology, 1(5):262-274.

Grego, S., Micangeli, A. and Esposto, S. 2004. Water purification in the Middle East crisis: a survey on WTP and CU in Basrah (Iraq) area within a research and development program. Desalination, 165:73-79.

Grimes, C. 1974. Observations on Aphanius mento. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 7(11):395-396.

Grimm, H. 1979. Eigröße und Eizahl in der Zahnkarpfengattung Aphanius (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Meeresforschung, 27:186-197.

Groombridge, B. (Ed.). 1992. Fishes, p. 116-135. In: Global Biodiversity. Status of the Earth's Living Resources. A report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Chapman & Hall, London. xx + 585 pp.

Gruvel, A. 1931. Les États de Syrie. Richesse marines et fluviales. Exploitation actuelle - Avenir. Bibliothèque de la Faune des Colonies Françaises, Paris. 453 pp.

Gudger, E. W. 1945. The giant freshwater fishes of Asia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 45(3):374-390.

Gül, S., Çolak, A. and Sezgin, I. 2000. Gümüş Balığı'nda (Chalcalburnus mossulensis Heckel, 1843) Karyotip Analizi [Karyotype analysis in Chalcalburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843)]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 24(3):657-662.

Gül, A., Yılmaz, M. and Solak, K. 1996. Growth characteristics of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) living in Tohma stream of Firat River. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 20(supplement):177-185.

Gümüş, A., Yılmaz, M. and Polat, N. 1999. Relative importance of food items in feeding of Chondrostoma regium Heckel, 1843, and its relation with the time of annulus formation. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26(3):271-278.

Günther, A. 1859-1870. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. London. 8 volumes.

Günther, A. 1869. The fishes of the Holy Land. The Student and Intellectual Observer of Science, Literature and Art, 3:409-417.

Günther, A. 1874. A contribution to the fauna of the River Tigris. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4(14):36-38, pl. VIII-IX.

Günther, A. 1896. Description of two new species of fishes (Mastacembelus and Barbus). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6(17):397.

Gussev, A. V., Ali, N. M., Abdul-Ameer, K. N., Amin, S. M. and Molnar, K. 1992. New and known species of Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) from cyprinid fishes of the River Tigris, Iraq. Systematic Parasitology, 25(3):229-237.

Haas, R. 1982. Notes on the ecology of Aphanius dispar (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae) in the Sultanate of Oman. Freshwater Biology, 12:89-95.

Haas, R. and Pal, R. 1984. Mosquito larvivorous fishes. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 30:17-25.

Habash, A. H. 1977. Ecological and biological studies on the larval nematode Contracaecum sp. a parasite of the fishes in Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 98 pp.

Habash, A. H. and Daoud, Y. T. 1979. Neoechinorhynchus agilis (Rudolph, 1819) Acanthocephala a new record from Mugil hishni found in Shatt Al-Arab, Basrah, Iraq. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 11(1):213-215.

Habbeb, F. M. 1996. Acclimation and survival of bunni Barbus sharpeyi (Gunther) and himri Barbus luteus (Heckel) in fiberglass tanks. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(1):185-199. In Arabic.

Haddadin, M. J. 2002. Water issues in the Middle East challenges and opportunities. Water Policy, 4(3):205-222.

Hadid, I. I. and Al-Mahdawi, K. J. 1977. Fishing gears and methods in Iraq. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. 67 pp. In Arabic.

Haig, J. 1952. Studies on the classification of the catfishes of the Oriental and Palaearctic Family Siluridae. Records of the Indian Museum, 48(1950):59-116.

Halstead, B. W. 1967-1970. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Volume Two - Vertebrates. xxxi + 1070 pp., Volume Three - Vertebrates continued. xxv + 1006 pp. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Halstead, B. W. 1978. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World (Revised Edition). The Darwin Press, Princeton, New Jersey. xlvi + 1043 pp., 283 pages of plates.

Hamblin, D. J. 1987. Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? Smithsonian, 18(2):127-135.

Hamed, K. M. 1979. Some aspects of the biochemical composition and nutritive value of Varicorhinus trutta. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul. 96 pp.

Hameed, A.-H. M. 1980. Seasonal changes in some haematological aspects of three species of Iraqi fishes of the genus Barbus in Saddat Al-Hindia. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Hameed, A.-H. M. and Jiad, J. H. 1986. Study on age and blood content of Barbus xanthopterus Heckel in Al-Hindiya Dam. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(1):77-86. In Arabic.

Hameed, H. A. 1978. Studies on the ecology of phytoplankton of Shatt al-Arab river at Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

~Hamid, I. W., Agopian, T. and Tigranian, E. A. 1977. Ryby vnutrennych vod Iraka [Inland water fishes of Iraq]. Baghdad. 89 pp.

Hamilton, A. M. 1937. Road through Kurdistan. The Narrative of an Engineer in Iraq. Faber & Faber Ltd., London. 331 pp., 2 maps.

Hammer, J. 2006. Return to the marsh. Smithsonian Magazine, October 2006, 5 pp. (www.smithsonianmag.com).

Hanel, L., Oliva, O. and Ali, A. M. 1992. Note on the morphometry of Varicorhinus trutta (Pisces, Cypriniformes) from Iraq. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovacae, 56(2):115-119, photos 1-2.

Hanel, L., Oliva, O. and Atallah, M. A. 1993. Morphometric note on Barbus sharpeyi (Pisces: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Iraq. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 57(2):101-103.

Hänfling, B. and Brandl, R. 2000. Phylogenetics of European cyprinids: insights from allozymes. Journal of Fish Biology, 57(2):265-276.

Hankó, B. 1924. Fische aus Kleinasien. Annales Musei nationalis Hungarici, 21:137-158, Taf. iii.

Hansman, J. F. 1978. The Mesopotamian delta in the First Millennium, BC. Geographical Journal, 144:49-61.

Hantoush, A. A. 1998. Seasonal variations in the biochemical constituents for muscles of some freshwater and marine fishes from Shatt Al-Arab river and northwest Arabian Gulf. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 93 pp. In Arabic.

Hantoush, A. A., Abdul-Hassan, E. A. and Al-Saad, H. T. 2001. Seasonal variations of fatty acids constituents in the muscles of some freshwater and marine fishes from Shatt Al-Arab river and north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):359-373. In Arabic.

Hantoush, A. A., Al-Imarah, F. J. M. and Abdullah, S. B. 2001. Seasonal variations of petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in freshwater and marine fishes from Shatt Al-Arab River and NW Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):441-451.

Hantoush, A. A., Al-Saad, H. T. and Abdul-Hussain, E. A. 1999. Seasonal variations of some biochemical aspects of the muscles of some freshwater and marine fishes from Shatt Al-Arab River and northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):427-453. In Arabic.

Hardan, A. 1993. Sharing the Euphrates: Iraq. Research & Exploration, 9(Water Issue):72-79.

Harrison, J. V. 1942. The Shatt-el-Arab. Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, 29(1):43-51.

Hassan, A. H., Salman, N. A., Rudainy, A. J., Rassoki, R. H., Abbas, L. M. and Hassan, M. T. 1998. Effect of salinity on embryonic development and hatching rate of eggs and survival of carp Cyprinus carpio L. in Iraq. Dirasat Natural and Engineering Sciences, 25(2):377-388.

Hassan, F. M. 2007. Limnological features of the marsh areas, southern Iraq after restoration. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Hassan, K. A. and Awad, N. N. 1980. Stream pollution of Shatt Al-Arab river in the vicinity of fertilizer plants. Bulletin of the College of Science, University of Basrah, 8:9-30.

Hassen, M. R. 1995. Available possibility of fish production in inland waters. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):278-297. In Arabic.

Hatem, M. A-K. 1977. Land of the Arabs. Longman, London and New York. 323 pp.

Heckel, J. J. 1843a. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Fische Syriens nebst einer neuen Classification und Characteristik sämmtlicher Gattungen der Cyprinen. Stuttgart, 109 pp.

Heckel, J. J. 1843b. Ichthyologie.In: Russegger, J. Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder, unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841 von Joseph Russegger. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1(2):991-1099, Taf. II-XIII (separate but identical version of the above).

Heckel, J. J. 1846-1849a. Naturhistorischer Anhang. In: Russegger, J..Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder, unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841 von Joseph Russegger. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2(3):207-254, Taf. XIV-XXI.

Heckel, J. J. 1846-1849b. Anhang. Die Fische Persiens gesammelt von Theodor Kotschy. In: Russegger, J..Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder, unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841 von Joseph Russegger.Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2(3):255-272, Taf. XXII.

Heckel, J. J. 1846-1849c. Nachtrag zur Charakteristik und Classifikation der Cyprineen-Gattungen. In: Russegger, J. Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder, unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841 von Joseph Russegger. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2(3):273-290.

Heckel, J. J. 1846-1849d. Index. Addenda et Corrigenda. In: Russegger, J. Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen Verhältnisse der betreffenden Länder, unternommen in den Jahren 1835 bis 1841 von Joseph Russegger. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2(3):347-360.

Helbaek, H. 1960. Ecological effects of irrigation in ancient Mesopotamia. Iraq, 22:186-196.

Herzig-Straschil, B. 1997. Franz Steindachner (1834-1919) and other prime contributors to the Ichthyological Collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, pp. 101-108. In: Pietsch, T. W. and Anderson, W. D. (Eds.). Collection Building in Ichthyology and Herpetology. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Special Publication, 3:xiii + 593 pp.

Herzog, P. 1967. Die Binnenfischerei im Irak. Die Fischwirt, 17(10):249-255.

Herzog, P. 1969. Untersuchungen über die Parasiten der Süßwasserfische des Irak. Archiv für Fischereiwissenschaft, 20:132-147.

Hieronimus, H. 1990. Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes): proposed precedence over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 47(4):277-279.

Hieronimus, H. 1991. Comment on the proposed precedence of Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 48(3):253.

Hindi, M. J., Ahmed, H. A. and Yesser, A-K. T. 1989. Seasonal variations in the biochemical constituents of buni, Barbus sharpeyi. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1):55-65.

Hindi, M. J., Al-Shatty, S. M. H. and Alduri, S. R. 1997. Comparative study on the quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sbour (Tenualosa ilisha) retailed in Basrah markets. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):101-120.

Hindi, M. J., Al-Douri, S. K. and Dubakel, A. Y. 1999. Modified process for manufacturing fish meal from big eyed (sic), Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839). Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):69-82.

Hindi, M. J., Sarhan, H. R. and Al-Shatty, S. M. H. 1996. Quality criteria of fresh carp, Cyprinus carpio and sbour, Tenualosa ilisha.1 - The chemical composition. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(2):251-261.

Hindi, M. J., Sarhan, H. R. and Al-Shatty, S. M. H. 1996. Quality criteria of fresh carp, Cyprinus carpio and sbour, Tenualosa ilisha.2 - Chemical indices. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(2):263-272.

Ho, J.-S., Khamees, N. R. and Mhaisen, F. T. 1996. Ergasilid copepods (Poecilostomatida) parasitic on the mullet Liza abu in Iraq, with the description of a new species of Paraergasilus Markevich, 1937. Systematic Parasitology, 33(2):79-87.

Hoda, S. M. S. 1974. Functional anatomy of the digestive brgans (sic) of Pampus argenteus Euphrasen (Fam. Siramaeidae) (sic). Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 1(1):81-97.

Hoda, S. M. S. 1978. On some post-larval fishes from Iraqi waters. Biologia, Lahore, 24(2):223-235.

Hoda, S. M. S. 1982. Maturation and spawning of the anchovy Thryssa mystax in the northern Arabian Sea. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29:213-222.

Hoda, S. M. S. 1986. Maturation and fecundity of the mudskipper Boleophthalmus dussumieri Cuv. & Val. from the Karachi coast. Mahasagar, Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography, 19(1):73-78.

Hoda, S. M. S. 1987. Relative growths of body parts and length-weight relationships in Boleophthalmus dussumieri and B. dentatus of Karachi coast. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34(1):120-127.

Hoda, S. M. S. and Akhtar, Y. 1985. Maturation and fecundity of the mudskipper Boleophthalmus dentatus in the northern Arabian Sea. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 32:64-74.

Hoedeman, J. J. 1951. Rediagnosis of the Old World cyprinodont genus Aphanius. Beaufortia, 1:1-6.

Holloway, C. W. 1976. Conservation of threatened vertebrates and plant communities in the Middle East and South West Asia. In: Proceedings of an International Meeting on ecological guidelines for the use of natural resources in the Middle East and South West Asia held at Persepolis, Iran 24-30 May 1975. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Publications, new series, 34:179-188.

Holma, H. 1912. Assyrische Fischnamen. Annales Academiae Scientarium Fennicae, 7(2):26-56.

Homski, D., Goren, M. and Gasith, A. 1994. Comparative evaluation of the larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Aphanius dispar as mosquito control agents. Hydrobiologia, 284(2):137-146.

Hooke, S. H. 1961. Fish symbolism. Folklore, 72(3):535-538.

Hora, S. L. 1921. Indian cyprinoid fishes belonging to the genus Garra, with notes on related species from other countries. Records of the Indian Museum, 22:633-687, pl. XXIV-XXVI.

Hora, S. L. 1937. Geographical distribution of Indian freshwater fishes and its bearing on the probable land connections between India and the adjacent countries. Current Science, Bangalore, 5:351-356.

Hora, S. L. and Misra, K. S. 1943. On a small collection of fish from Iraq. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Science, 9(1):1-15.

Hornell, J. 1935. Report on the Fisheries of Palestine. Government of Palestine, Jerusalem. 106 pp.

Howell, E. 1922. River control in Mesopotamia. The Quarterly Review, 237:68-82.

Howes, G. J. 1980. The anatomy, phylogeny and classification of bariliine cyprinid fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 37(3):129-198.

Howes, G. 1981. Anatomy and phylogeny of the Chinese major carps Ctenopharyngodon Steind., (sic) 1866 and Hypophthalmichthys Blkr., 1860. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 41(1):1-52.

Howes, G. 1982. Anatomy and evolution of the jaws in the semiplotine carps with a review of the genus Cyprinion Heckel, 1843 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 42(4):299-335.

Howes, G. 1984. Phyletics and biogeography of the aspinine cyprinid fishes. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 47(5):283-303.

Howes, G. J. 1987. The phylogenetic position of the Yugoslavian cyprinid fish genus Aulopyge Heckel, 1841, with an appraisal of the genus Barbus Cuvier & Cloquet, 1816 and the subfamily Cyprininae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 52(5):165-196.

Hrbek, T., Keivany, Y. and Coad, B. W. 2006. New species of Aphanius (Teleostei, Cyprinodontidae) from Isfahan Province of Iran and a reanalysis of other Iranian species. Copeia, 2006(2):244-255.

Hrbek, T, Küçük, F., Frickey, T., Stölting, K. N., Wildekamp, R. H. and Meyer, A. 2002. Molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Aphanius (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes) species complex of central Anatolia, Turkey. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 25:125-137

Hrbek, T. and Meyer, A. 2001. Closing of the Tethys and the phylogeny of Eurasian killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontidae). The 10th European Congress of Ichthyology ECI X, Programme & Book of Abstracts, Prague, Czech Republic, September 3-7, 2001. p. 172-173.

Hrbek, T. and Meyer, A. 2003. Closing of the Tethys Sea and the phylogeny of Eurasian killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 16(1):17-36.

Hubbs, C. L. and Lagler, K. F. 1958. Fishes of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. xv + 213 pp.

Huber, J. H. 1996. Killi-Data 1996. Updated checklist of taxonomic names, collecting localities & bibliographic references of oviparous Cyprinodont Fishes (Atherinomorpha, Pisces). First Edition, Société Française d'Ichtyologie, Paris. 399 pp.

Hunt, R. S. 1951. The sharks of Ahwaz. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 97(1):79-85.

Huq, M. F., Al-Daham, N. K. and Sharma, K. P. 1977. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Aphanius spp. and Gambusia Affinis (sic) from southern Iraq. Wissenschafltliche Zeitschrift der Wilhelm-Pieck-Universität Rostock, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe, 2:157-160.

Huq, M. F., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Hameed, H. A. 1981. Studies on the primary production of the river Shatt Al-Arab at Basrah, Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 77:25-29.

Hurlbert, S., Zeidler, J. and Fairbanks, D. 1972. Ecosystem alteration by mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) predation. Science, 175:639-641.

Hussain, B. J. 1986. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Development of the Marsh Area in Southern Iraq, Nasiriyah, 2-4 December 1986. 7 pp. In Arabic.

~Hussain, N. A. 1982. Notes on fluvial migration of sbour Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) in Shatt Al-Arab river. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Technical Report, 12.

~Hussain, N. A. (Ed.). 1992. Ahwar of Iraq: An Environmental Approach. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah Publications, 18:299 pp. In Arabic.

Hussain, N. A. 1997. Hilsa shad invade estuary in the Arabian Gulf. Shad Journal, Seattle, 2(4):2.

Hussain, N. A. and Ahmed, S. M. 1995. Seasonal composition, abundance and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton in an estuarine subtropical part of the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marine Research, Karachi, 4(2):135-146.

~Hussain, N. A. and Ahmed, T. A. 1995. Seasonal composition, abundance and spatial distribution of ichthyoplankton in an estuarine subtropical part of the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marine Research, 4(2):135-146.

Hussain, N. A. and Ahmed, S. M. 1999. Influence of hydrographic conditions on the interaction between ichthyoplankton and macrozooplankton at Khor Al-Zubair lagoon, Iraq, Arabian Gulf. Qatar University Science Journal, 18:247-259.

Hussain, N., Al-Essa, S., Abed, J., Souad, H., Jassim, A. and Al-Shamei, H. 2005. The restoration status of the biota in marshes in southern Iraq with an emphasis on fish communities. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Hussain, N. A. and Ali, T. S. 1987. Some biological aspects of Thryssa hamiltoni and Thryssa mystax in Khor Al-Zubair, Northwest Arabian Gulf. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 34(2):152-162.

Hussain, N. A. and Ali, T. S. 2006. Trophic nature and feeding relationships among Al Hammer marsh fishes, southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin, 1(1):9-18.

Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Coad, Brian. 2001. Middle Eastern shads. Paper presented at Shad 2001: A Conference on the Status and Conservation of Shads Worldwide, 20-23 May, 2001, National Aquarium, Baltimore, Maryland (abstract).

Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Mohamed, A. R. M. 1998. Stock assessment of gizzard shad, Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) in Khor Al-Zubair Estuary, Northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):53-67.

Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Naama, A. K. 1994. The effect of heavy flood on the fish assemblage structure in Khor Al-Zubair, NW Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 24(2):26-34.

Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Younis, K. H. 1999. Temporal and spatial movements of common fishes to the mudflats of Iraq, northwest Arabian Gulf. Pakistan Journal of Marine Biology, 5(2):99-112.

Hussain, N. A., Ali, T. S. and Saud, K. D. 1989. Seasonal fluctuations and composition of fish assemblage in the Shatt Al-Arab at Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(1):139-150.

Hussain, N. A., Al-Manssory, F. Y. and Al-Hello, A. A. 2001. Some chemical characteristics of Shatt Al-Arab estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):311-329. In Arabic.

~Hussain, N. A., Al-Najar, H. H. K., Al-Saad, H. T., Yousif, O. H. and Al-Saboonchi, A. A. 1991. Shatt al-Arab River: Basic scientific studies. Marine Science Centre Publication, Basrah, 10:391 pp. In Arabic.

Hussain, N. A., Al-Saboonchi, A. A. and Hamza, H. A. 1987. Aspects of abundance and the food habit of Liza abu (Heckel) in the Karkheh River (Arabistan). Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 18(1):145-161.

~Hussain, N. A., Al-Saboonchi, T. S. and Mehdi, A. A. 1990. Feeding relationship of eight species of family Cyprinidae in Basrah region. Iraq Journal of Science, 33(1-2):241-251.

Hussain, N. A., Faris, A. A. and Majeed, S. A. 1995. Age and growth of jaffoot Nematolosa nasus (L) in Khor Al-Zubair estuary northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(1):49-60.

Hussain, N. A., Hamza, H. A. and Ahmed, T. A. 1985. Composition of the demersal fish catches of the Iraqi trawlers from the northern Arabian Gulf during 1975-1979. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 32:453-462.

Hussain, N. A. Hamza, H. A. and Saud, K. D. 1987. Some biological aspects of the freshwater population of the shanag Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn) in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 2(1):29-40.

Hussain, N. A., Jabir, M. K. and Yousif, U. H. 1994. On the biology of sbour Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton) in the Shatt Al-Arab River, south of Iraq, with notes on their distribution in the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(1):115-139.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A-R. M., Al Noor, S. A., Coad, B., Mutlak, F. M., Ibrahem, M., Al-Sudani, I. M., Mojer, A. M., Toman, A. J. and Abdad, M. A. 2006. Species composition, ecological indices, length frequencies and food habits of fish assemblages of the restored southern Iraqi marshes. Report by the University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. 114 pp., 12 tables, 59 figures.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1999. The seasonal formation of thermocline, halocline and water masses in the Iraqi marine waters. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):299-312.

Hussain, N. A., Mohammed, A. R. M. and Jabir, A. A. 2004. Some biological aspects of wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus, from the Shatt Al-Arab estuary, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):189-198.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M., Younis, K. H. and Mutlak, F. M. 1999. Biology of juveniles and immature Acanthopagrus latus in tidal pools of Khor Al-Zubair lagoon, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):59-68.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M., Younis, K. H. and Mutlak, F. M. 1999. Biology of Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppel) at the intertidal mudflats of Khor Al-Zubair Lagoon, north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):119-132.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Yousif, U. H. 1998. The occurrence, growth and food of Hilsa kelee in Shatt Al-Arab Estuary. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):345-356.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Yousif, U. H. 1995. Fishery, biology and riverine-estuarine occurrence of gizzard shad Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) in southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(2):293-308.

Hussain, N. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Yousif, U. H. 2007. Dietary overlap of carnivorous fishes in Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 20(2):15 pp.

Hussain, N. A., Mutlak, F. M. and Younis, K. H. 2003. The small fishes assemblage in the Shatt al-Arab estuary, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(2):179-188. In Arabic.

Hussain, N. A. and Naama, A. K. 1989. Survey of fish fauna of Khor Al-Zubair, north-west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(2):161-197.

Hussain, N. A. and Naama, A. K. 1992. On the morphology of the alimentary tract of some fishes from Khor al-Zubair, Northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 8(1-4):240-245.

Hussain, N. A., Naiama (sic), A. K. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1988. Annotated check list of the fish fauna of Khor Al-Zubair, north west of the Arabian Gulf. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 18(1):17-24.

Hussain, N. A., Naama, A. K. and Ali, T. S. 1994. Feeding relationship of subtropical coastal water fish assemblage of Khor Al-Zubair, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):11-24.

Hussain, N. A., Saoud, H. A. and Al Shami, E. J. 2008. Species composition and ecological indices of fishes in the restored marshes of southern Mesopotamia. Marsh Bulletin, 3(1):17-31.

Hussain, N. A. and Younis, K. H. 1997. Fish assemblage of Khor Shettana, north-west Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(2):331-356. In Arabic.

Hussain, N. A., Younis, K. H. and Yousif, U. H. 1995. The influence of low salinity, temperature and domestic sewage on the distribution of fish assemblage in Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(2):257-273.

Hussain, N. A., Younis, K. H. and Yousif, U. H. 1998. The composition of small fish assemblage in Shatt Al-Arab river near Basrah, Iraq. Acta Hydrobiologia, 39(1/2):29-37.

Hussain, N. A., Younis, K. H. and Yousif, U. H. 1999. Seasonal fluctuations of the fish assemblage of intertidal mudflats of the Shatt Al-Arab estuary, Iraq, northwestern Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):33-53.

Hussain, N. A., Younis, K. H. and Yousif, U. H. 2001. Evaluation of environmental degradation in the fish assemblage of Shatt Al-Arab River. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 33(2):93-98.

Hussain, N. A., Younis, K. H., Yousif, U. H. and Abdul-Sahib, I. M. 2004. The affinity of fish comunity (sic) to the domestic polutiion (sic) in Al-Khandak bbranch (sic), Basrah, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(1):53-59.

~Hussein, J. H. and Al-Hamdane, A. H. 1992. Field and experimental observations on infestation and treatment of the fish lice Argulus foliaceus. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Science, 5(2):13-19. In Arabic.

Hussein, J. H. and Mahdi, S. A. 1986. The parasite Aspidogaster, a new record in Iraqi fish. Eighth Science Conference, Iraqi Veterinary Medicine Association, Baghdad, 18-20 February 1986 (abstract).

Hussein, M. H. 1996. An analysis of rainfall, runoff and erosion in the low rainfall zone of northern Iraq. Journal of Hydrology, 181(1-4):105-126.

Hussein, M. H. 1998. Water erosion assessment and control in northern Iraq. Soil and Tillage Research, 45(1-2):161-173.

Hussein, S. A. 2000. Interaction between introduced exotics and native ichthyofauna and their impact on aquatic ecosystems, southern Iraq. Basrah Journal of Science, B, 18(2):125-146.

Hussein, S. A. 2001a. Sources of organic pollution in Iraqi inland waters along with controlling potential and beneficial uses. Marina Mesopotamia, 16(2):489-505. In Arabic.

Hussein, S. A. 2001b. Sources of effluents and their routes of discharges to aquatic habitats along with suggestions to control aquatic pollution. The Fifth Scientific Conference of the General Company for Ports of Iraq: 16-17 October 2001.

Hussein, S. A. 2002a. Sources of aquatic habitats pollution in the country and their levels of impact. 3rd Scientific Conference of Iraqi General Company for Water Transport, 6-7 October 2002.

Hussein, S. A. 2002b. Future of non-domestic requirements of water in the country under the prevailing circumstances and status of inland water resources. The Sixth Scientific Conference of the General Company for Ports of Iraq, 16-17 November 2002.

Hussein, S. 2005. Aquatic ecology and pollution of waters in the southern marshes and Shatt al-Arab, Iraq. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Hussein, S. A., Abed, J. M. and Ahmed, H. A. 2000. Comparative study on growth rates of the bunni Barbus sharpeyi Gunther 1874 in five Iraqi localities. Journal of Basrah Researches, 24(1):7-14.

Hussein, S. A., Ahmed, H. A. and Abed, J. H. 1994. Seasonal variations in some ecological conditions in the Shatt Al-Arab River and Al-Hammar Marsh. Marina Mesopotamia, 7(2)(1992):175-194.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 2000. Impact of protein level on growth pattern of three cyprinid juveniles under laboratory conditions. Marina Mesopotamia, 15(1):91-106.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. 2001. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of fingerlings of native cyprinids (Barbus sharpeyi and B. xanthopterus) compared to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):115-128.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1993. Selection of benthic molluscs and macrocrustaceans and their importance in the diet of three sympatric fish species in Garma Marshes, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(2)(1991):263-280.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1992. Feeding habits of gattan Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843) (Cyprinidae Fam.). Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(2):149-158. In Arabic.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 2000a. Monthly variations in feeding activities and feeding intensities of three sympatric native cyprinids and an introduced common carp in Al-Hammar lake, southern Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1):39-48.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 2000b. Comparative study on ranking index and volumetric methods in calculating diet overlap and competition coefficient of four sympatric cyprinids in Al-Hammar Lake, southern Iraq. Journal of Basrah Researches, 25(1):62-72.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Daham, N. K. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 2000c. Dietary overlap between the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and three native cyprinids in Al-Hammar lake, southern Iraq. Journal of Basrah Researches, 25(1):73-88.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. and Al-Daham, N. K. 2003a. Satiation time, appetite and food intake in fingerlings of three freshwater fishes (i.e. Basrah (sic) sharpeyi; B. xanthopterus and Cyprinus carpio) under artificial conditions. Journal of Basrah Researches, 29(1):41-47.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Dubaikel, A. Y. and Al-Daham, N. K. 2003b. Rates of gastric digestion and evacuation in fingerlings of three cyprinids (Barbus sharpeyi; B. xanthopterus and Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Basrah Researches, 29(1):91-104.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Dubakel (sic), A. Y. and Hattam, B. H. 2003c. The relation between dietary protein level and growth of himri (Barbus luteus Heckel) juveniles under laboratory conditions. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture, A (Special Issue), 8(6):108-119.

Hussein, S. A. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1989. Feeding ecology of shilig (Aspius vorax Heckel) in Al-Hammar marsh, southern Iraq. I - Diet of small individuals. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 2(1 & 2):81-92.

Hussein, S. A. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1991. Feeding ecology of shilig (Aspius vorax Heckel) in Al-Hammar marsh, southern Iraq. II:- Diet of large individuals. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(1 & 2):113-122.

Hussein, S. A. and Al-Kanaani, S. M. 1994. Feeding ecology of the shilig Aspius vorax Heckel from Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamia, 8(1)(1993):91-103.

Hussein, S. A. and Al-Kananni, S. M. 1995. Diurnal variations in some ecological conditions and feeding chronology of two freshwater fishes (Barbus sharpeyi and B. luteus) from marshes, Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Basrah Researches, 11(1):21-33.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Manshed, H. N. and Al-Essa, S. A. 2002. Limnological investigations to the lower reaches of Saddam River, II. Phytoplankton production. Marina Mesopotamia, 17(1):57-73.

~Hussein, S. A., Al-Mukhtar, M. and Al-Daham, N. K. 1991. Preliminary investigation on fishery and some biological aspects of sbour Hilsa ilisha from Shatt Al-Arab river, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(1 & 2):141-151.

Hussein, S. A. and Al-Shami, E. J. 2001. Seasonal variations in dietary components of Mystus pelusius (Solander, 1794) from Garma canal, southern Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural.Science, 14(2):39-49.

Hussein, S. A., Al-Shawi, I. J. M. and Al-Nasir, A. M. 2001. Impact of Al-Najebia thermal energy power plant on aquatic ecosystem of Garmat Ali canal. I. Physico-chemical characteristics. Marina Mesopotamia, 16(2):517-525.

Hussein, S. A. and Attee, R. S. 2000a. Comparative studies on limnological features of the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and Mehejran canal. I. Seasonal variations in abiotic factors. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1):49-59.

Hussein, S. A. and Attee, R. S. 2000b. Comparative studies on limnological features of the Shatt Al-Arab estuary and Mehejran canal. II. Monthly variations of nutrients. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(2):53-61.

Hussein, S. A., Essa, S. A. and Al-Manshad, H. A. 2000. Limnological investigation to the lower reaches of Saddam river. I. Environmental characteristics. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(2):25-37.

Hussein, S. A., Essa, S. A. and Al-Sewech, A. R. A. 2002. Comparative studies on ecological features of Khora canal and the Shatt Al-Arab estuary, Southern Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 15(4):27-41.

Hussein, S. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 1999. Comparative studies on relative importance of various dietary items for two sciaenids Johnieops sina and Johnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830) collected from Shatt Al-Arab estuary, northwest Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(1):13-19.

Hussein, S. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 2000. Seasonal variation in food habits of two selected sizes of Johnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830) from North West Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 13(1):29-38.

Hussein, S. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 2001. Seasonal variations in diet composition of young’s and adults Johnius belengerii (Cuvier, 1830) from Iraqi Marine waters, Northwest Arabian Gulf. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 1(1):1-10.

Hussein, S. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Jabir, A. A. 2001. Feeding ecology of large Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Iraqi marine waters, North West Arabian Gulf. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 1(1)51-58.

Hussein, S. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Jabir, A. A. 2002. Composition and seasonal variations in diet of young Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) from Iraqi marine waters, North West Arabin (sic) Gulf. Marina Mesopotamia, 17(1):89-100.

Hussein. S. A., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Saleh, J. H. 2002. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of two mullets Liza carinata and L. subviridis (Val.1836) from Iraqi Marine waters, Northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamia, 17(1):129-145.

Idrisi, N. and Salman, S. D. 2005. Distribution, development, and metabolism of larval stages of the warmwater shrimp, Caridina babaulti basrensis (Decapoda, Atyidae). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 38(1):31–42.

Ingham, S. E. No date. The biology and taxonomy of the Mugilidae. Zoology Library, British Museum (Natural History), London. 276 pp., + 5 pp., 73 figs.

Innal, D. and Erk'akan, F. 2006. Effects of exotic and translocated fish species in the inland waters of Turkey. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 16(1):39-50.

Ionides, M. G. 1937. The régime of the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. E. & F. N. Spon, London. vii + 278 pp.

Ionides, M. G. 1954. The geographical history of the Mesopotamian Plains. Geographical Journal, 120:394-397 (with comments by S. Smith and by G. M. Lees and N. L. Falcon).

Iraq Foundation. 2003. Background material on the Mesopotamian Marshlands prepared for the Technical Advisory Panel Eden Again Project. Part 1: Physical Characteristics, Part 2: Biological Characteristics, Part 3: Cultural Values and Traditional Resource Management. The Iraq Foundation, Washington. 107 pp.

Iraqi Ministries of Water Resources, Municipalities and Public Works and Environment. 2005. “New Eden” Master Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Area. Draft, December 20, 2005, Interim Report prepared in cooperation with the Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory and Free Iraq Foundation, Italy-Iraq. 230 pp.

Iraqi Ministries of Water Resources, Municipalities and Public Works and Environment. 2006. New Eden Master Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Area. September 2006 Edition, Executive Summary, Prepared in cooperation with The Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory and Free Iraq Foundation, Italy-Iraq. 26 pp.

Iraqi Ministries of Water Resources, Municipalities and Public Works and Environment. 2006. The New Eden Master Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the Marshlands Area. September 2006 Edition, Master Plan Last Revision. Prepared in cooperation with The Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory and Free Iraq Foundation, Italy-Iraq. www.newedengroup.org/index.htm, volumes 0-III, Roster of Experts.

Islam, A. K. M. S. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1978. Some morphometric studies on khishni (Liza abu) from Basrah - Iraq. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 4(3):129-140.

Islam, A. K. M. S., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Al-Kadhmoiy, N. K. 1982. Relationships of lengths (TL, SL, GL) and lengths to weight in Heteropneustes fossilis from Ashar Canal, Basrah, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences, Baghdad, 13(2):13-25.

Islam, A. K. M. S. and Khalaf, A. N. 1983. Diel patterns of feeding of khishni Liza abu (Heckel) in Rashdiyah Reservoir in Baghdad, Iraq. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 29(1 and 2)(1982):223-228.

Islam, A. K. M. S., Khalaf, A. N., Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1981. Seasonal patterns of feeding of khishni, Liza abu (Heckel) in Rashdiyah Reservoir, Baghdad, Iraq. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 9(2):151-158.

Islam, B. N. and Talbot, G. B. 1968. Fluvial migration, spawning, and fecundity of Indus River hilsa, Hilsa ilisha. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 97(4):350-355.

Ismail, A. L. S., Rattan, S. S. and Muhsin, T. M. 1979. Aquatic fungi of Iraq: Species of Saprolegnia. Hydrobiologia, 65(1):83-93.

Ismail, A. M. 1989. Comparative ecological study between tourismic Baghdad island and Tigris River in Baghdad. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

~Ismail, A. W., Al-Hadithi, N. N. and Habish, A. H. 1979. Ecological and biological studies on the larval nematode Contracaecum sp., parasite of the fish in Basrah, Iraq. Bulletin of the College of Education, University of Basrah, 1:309-318.

Ismail, W. A., Al-Abdul-Elah, K. and Al-Yamani, F. 1998. Larval development of the back-keeled mullet Liza carinata. Hydrobiologia, 385(1):87-105.

~Itawi, R. K., Sabri, A. W., Al-Jobori, S. M., Khalaf, K. K., Mahdi, B. H., Al- Lami, A. A. and Kassim, T. I. 2000. Study of elemental distribution in sediments, fish and plant samples of Tigris River using INAA technique. Iraq Society Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 26(1):203–212.

IUCN. 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 70 + 368 pp., annex 10 pp.

Jabir, A. A. 2004. Some biological aspects of Therapon puta (Cuvier, 1829) in Iraqi marine water north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):323-334. In Arabic.

Jabir, M. K. 1994. Observations on the venomous stonefish Leptosynanceia melanostigma (Day, 1889), in Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq, with notes on the treatment of wounds. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(2):235-244.

Jabir, M. K. and Al-Hisnawi, F. M. 1994. The food and feeding habits of the greenback grey mullet Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), from Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(2):357-368.

Jabir, M. K. and Faris, A. A. 1989. Fecundity of sbour, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) in the Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(2):281-296.

Jabir, M. K., Na’ama, A. K. and Hussain, N. A. 1988. Age and growth of anchovies Thryssa mystax (Bloch and Shneider)(sic) and Thryssa hamiltoni (Gray) in Khor Al-Zubair, North West Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 3(2):157-171.

Jacobsen, T. 1960. The waters of Ur. Iraq, 22:174-185.

Jacobsen, T. and Adams, R. M. 1958. Salt and silt in ancient Mesopotamian agriculture. Science, 128(3334):1251-1258.

Jacquet, J.-M., Hayarama, A., Schwarzer, S. and Nordbeck, O. 2005. Mesopotamian Marshlands Observation System. Products for Phase 2. UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe, Geneva. 23 pp.

Jado, A. R. and Zötl, J. G. (Eds.). 1984. Quaternary Period in Saudi Arabia. Volume 2: Sedimentological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical, geomorphological, geochronological and climatological investigations in western Saudi Arabia. Springer-Verlag, Wien. xii + 360 pp.

Jafri, A. K., Al-Judaimi, M. and George, K. A. 1981. Preliminary investigations feeding yellow-finned black porgy, Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn), with artificial feed. Aquaculture, 22(1,2):117-124.

Jafri, S. I. H. 1994. The anadromous shad, Tenualosa ilisha: an overview of its fishery in Pakistan. Proceedings of First Symposium on Fish and Fisheries of Pakistan held at Department of Zoology, Government College, Lahore, Pakistan on October 19-20, 1991, p. 33-42.

Jamil, A. K., Al-Sinawi, G. T. and Al-Ansari, M. A.1993. Hydrochemistry of lower Diyala River, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Water Resources, 12:24-40.

Jamili, S., Oryan, S. and Saifabadi, J. 1993. Influence of salinity on growth rate and tolerance of Barbus sharpeyi. Iranian Fisheries Bulletin, 2:45-55. In Farsi.

Jaradat, A. A. 2002. Agriculture in Iraq: resources, potentials, constraints, and research needs and priorities. Paper submitted to Middle East Working Group on Agriculture, Department of State, Washington, D. C., 5-6 October 2002. 83 pp., www.ars.usda.gov, downloaded 30 June 2006.

Jarallah, H. M., Al-Daraji, S. A. M., Banni, M. A. A., Mohamad, E. T. and Wanis, A. K. 2005. New description of disease agents affecting mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) in the Basrah Marshes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Jasim, A. A. W. and Al-Daham, N. M. 1995. The fecundity of Barbus sharpeyi Gunther, 1874 in south Al-Hammar marshes, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):366-377. In Arabic.

Jasim, B. M. 1980. Age and growth of shilik, Aspius vorax Heckel, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Habanniyah Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 82 pp.

Jasim, B. M. 1988. Tolerance and adaptation of goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) to salinity. Journal of Biological Science Research, Baghdad, 19(1):149-154.

Jasim, B. M. 1996. Structure and function of olfactory apparatus and fleshy tentacle in spiny eel Mastacembelus simach. Marina Mesopotamica, 11(1):201-222. In Arabic.

Jasim, B. M. 1992. Differentiation of acoustico-lateralis system and other sense organs in three species of fishes under certain environmental conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Jasim, B. M. 1998. On the eye structure of spiny eel Mastacembelus simach (sic). Marina Mesopotamica, 13(2):221-241.

Jasim, M. A. 1996. Study on chemical and physical properties of dried Hamilton (sic) Thryssa hamiltoni. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 28(2):77-82.

Jasim, M. A. 2005. Food, industries and drugs produced from fish, shrimp and their wastes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Jasim, M. A. and Al-Ali, R. M. 1999. Chemical composition and functional properties of protein concentrates from needle fish (Hyporamphus gaimardi) using (1) pepsin enzyme. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):189-205. In Arabic.

Jasim, M. A. and Al-Shatty, S. M. H. 2002. Quality assessment of jewelled (sic) (Ilisha megaloptera) stored in ice by using sensory, chemical and microbiological indices. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):191-207. In Arabic.

Jasim, M. A. and Jaffer, K. S. 2002. Effect of some factors on rate of salt up take (sic) in fish Liza carinata and shrimp meat Metapenaeus affinis. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):495-503. In Arabic.

Jasim, M. A., Nasir, T. A. K. and Jaber, U. M. 1992. Quantitative study of some minerals in some fishes of Shatt Al-Arab River. Basrah Journal of Agriculture Science, 5(1):43-50.

Jasim, M. A., Sahi, A. A. and Faris, J. A. 1988. Studies of the functional properties and composition of dried catfish Silurus glanis products. Marina Mesopotamica, 3(1):31-42.

Jassim, N. and Hameed, A. 2001. Control of environmental pollution in thermal power stations, Basrah, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):507-515.

Jawad, A. M. 1994. Seasonal variations in some physical and chemical parameters in Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 9(2):377-396. In Arabic.

Jawad, L. A. J. 1975. Biometric studies on three Barbus species from Basrah waters, Basrah, Iraq. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 3:212-247.

Jawad, L. A. 2003a. Biochemical approaches: their present usage and future application in the systematic problems of the freshwater fishes of Mesopotamia. Anales de Biologia, 25:199-208.

Jawad, L. A. 2003b. Impact of environmental change on the freshwater fish fauna of Iraq. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 60(6):581-593.

Jawad, L. A. 2006. Fishing gear and methods of the lower Mesopotamian Plain with reference to fishing management. Marina Mesopotamica Online, 1(1):1-39.

Jawad, L. A. J. 2004a. Asymmetry analysis in the mullet, Liza abu collected from Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 21(1):145-150.

Jawad, L. A. J. 2004b. Preliminary study on the use of eye lens diameter and weight as an age indicator in two cyprinid fishes collected from Basrah, Iraq. Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 21(1):151-158.

Jawad, L. A., Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Ahmed, H. K. 2004. The relationship between haematocrit and some biological parameters of the Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Family Clupeidae). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(2):47-52.

Jawad, L. A. and Smith, P. J. 2002. Phosphoglucomutase genotypes and spawning time in two species of anchovy, Thryssa hamiltoni and T. mystex (sic) from the northwest Arabian Gulf. Fisheries Research, 59:273-277.

Jawad, S. M. and Hussain, J. H. 1989. Diagnosis of bothriocephalosis in carp and its treatment by using quicklime. Second Science Conference Fisheries and Marine Research, Basrah, 16-17 May 1989 (abstract).

Jayaram, K. C. 1955. A preliminary review of the genera of the family Bagridae (Pisces: Siluroidea). Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India, 21B(3):120-128.

Jayaram, K. C. 1959. Systematic position of fishes described under Bagrus by Valenciennes, 1839. Records of the Indian Museum, 54(1-2):53-59.

Jayaram, K. C. 1980. Aid to the identification of siluroid fishes of India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh 4. Clariidae, Heteropneustidae, Chacidae and Olyridae. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publications, Occasional Paper, 23:1-23.

Jayaram, K. C. 1981. The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka - A Handbook. The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. xxii + 475 pp., 13 pls.

Jayaram, K. C. 1999. The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. xxvii + 551 pp., 18 pls.

Jayaram, K. C. and Anuradha, C. 1984. Contributions to the study of bagrid fishes. 17. The history and usage of the name "Mystus". Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India, 6(1-3):289-293.

Jayaram, K. C. and Sanyal, A. 2003. A taxonomic revision of the fishes of the genus Mystus Scopoli (Family Bagridae). Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 207:iv + 136 pp., 5 plates.

Jead, J. H. 1984. Physical and chemical properties of water from Diyala River near Hemreen Dam and its suitability for fish life. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 15(1):1-15. In Arabic.

Jennings, D. P. 1988. Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis): a biological synopsis. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report, 88(29):vii + 47 pp.

Jernelöv, A. 1976. Environmental contamination by mercury in Iraq. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 53(supplement):115-118.

Jerzy, S. and Ali, A. M. 1982. Age and growth rate of Barbus xanthopterus, Barbus grypus, Barbus luteus and Aspius vorax in lakes of middle Iraq. Programme of the Fourth Congress of European Ichthyologists, 20.-24. 9. 1982, Hamburg, West Germany. 1 p. (abstract).

Jiad, J. H. and Hameed, A-H. M. 1986. Relationship between age and blood contents of Barbus sharpeyi. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):31-41. In Arabic.

Jiad, J. H., Hameed, A-H. M., and Al-Faisal, A-H. M. 1984. Study of age, growth and blood contents of Barbus grypus Heckel in Al-Hindiya dam. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 15(2):29-48. In Arabic.

Jirian, A. A. 1974. Age and growth of two species of fishes from Iraq, Barbus xanthopterus and B. sharpeyi. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. In Arabic.

Job, T. J. 1960. Fish crops from multipurpose dams in the Middle East. FAO in the Near East, "A Quarterly Review", Food and Agriculture Organization, Cairo, 1960(1):2-14.

Job, T. J. 1961. Travel report on a visit to Iraq from 22 March to 6 April 1961. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. NEFi/T/61. 17 pp.

Job, T. J. 1967a. Travel report on a visit to Iraq from 1 to 5 October 1967. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, NECFi/T/67-1. 10 pp.

Job, T. J. 1967b. Status of fish culture in the Near East region, pp. 54-69. In: Pillay, T. V. R. (Ed.). Proceedings of the FAO World Symposium on warm-water pond fish culture. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Report, 44, volume 2:174 pp.

Joosten, H. 2003. Wetlands and peatlands of Iraq. International Mire Conservation Group Newsletter, 2003(1):13-18.

Juri, M. M. and Mutalik, S. A. 2005. Fishes and their impact on human health. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Kafuku, T. 1969. Morphological differentiation of Cyprinion in Iraq. Bulletin of the Freshwater Fisheries Research Laboratory, Tokyo, 19(2):155-159.

Kähsbauer, P. 1957. Viktor Pietschmann. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 61:1-3, Tafel 1.

Kähsbauer, P. 1959. Intendant Dr. Franz Steindachner, sein Leben und Werk. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 63:1-30, Tafel 1.

Kähsbauer, P. 1963. Zur Kenntnis der Ichthyofauna von Iran. Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 66:317-355.

Kähsbauer, P. 1964. Zur Kenntnis der Ichthyofauna von Iran (II. Teil). Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 67:453-475, 1 Taf.

Kähsbauer, P. 1966. Über einige Fische aus dem Vilayet Antalya (Türkei). Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 69:215-223.

Kanazawa, R. H. 1955. Fishes of Iraq and Iran. American Documentation Institute, ADIM 4612:43-46.

Karabatak, M. 1997. The time of spawning and seasonal variations in the length-weight relationship and condition of chub, Leuciscus lepidus (Heckel, 1843) in Lake Beyşehir (Turkey). Acta Hydrobiologica, 39(1/2):39-46.

Karaman, M. S. 1969a. Süßwasserfische der Türkei. 7. Teil. Revision der kleinasiatischen und vorderasiatischen Arten des Genus Capoeta (Varicorhinus, Partim). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 66:17-54.

Karaman, M. S. 1971. Süßwasserfische der Türkei. 8. Teil. Revision der Barben Europas, Vorderasiens und Nordafrikas. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 67:175-254.

Karaman, M. S. 1972. Süßwasserfische der Türkei. 9. Revision einiger kleinwüchsiger Cyprinidengattungen Phoxinellus, Leucaspius, Acanthobrama usw. aus Südeuropa, Kleinasiens, Vorder-Asien und Nordafrika. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 69:115-155.

Karim, H. H. 1998a. Evaluation of hydrochemical characteristics of Shatt Al-Arab and southern Saddam River around Basrah area, south of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):35-51.

Karim, H. H. 1998a. Developmental stages and tectonic stability of southern Mesopotamia during recent geological history. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):149-174.

Kasim, M. H. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1981. Influence of seasons and sex on the intensity of Pseudolamprolegna annulata Boxshall, 1976 (Lernaeidae) infection in Cyprinion macrostomus, a freshwater teleost from the River Tigris. Rivista di Parassitologia, 42(3):455-460.

Kasim, M. H., Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Warsi, A. A. 1977. Influence of season, and the sex of the host on the intensity of some parasites infecting Cyprinion macrostomus and Acanthobrama marmid fishes from the River Tigris. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 12(2):133-141.

~Kassim, T. I., AlKahby, K. M., Dally, F. A. and Washe, A. F. 2002. Increased productivity of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val. using live food. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (special issue), 7(1):117-126. In Arabic.

Kassim, T. I. and Al-Saadi, H. A. 1995. Seasonal variation of epiphytic algae in a marsh area (southern Iraq). Acta Hydrobiologica, 37(3):153-161.

Kassim, T. I., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Al-Lami, A. A. 1997. Heavy metals in water, suspended particles, sediments and aquatic plants of the upper region of Euphrates River, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 32(9-10:2497-2506.

~Kassim, T. I., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Salman, N. A. 1999. Production of some phyto- and zooplankton and their use as live food for fish larvae. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural, Proceedings. 2nd Conference on Animal Products, Poultry and Fish, 4(5):188-201.

~Kassim, T. I., Al- Saudi, K. A. and Al-Alagway, M. J. 2002. Influence of compound diet on increased production of rotifera Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas for feeding fish larvae. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture (special issue), 7(1):95-103. In Arabic.

Kassim, T. I., Salman, N. A., Al-Lami, A. Muften, F. S., Abood, S. M. and Shkaer, H. K. 1998. The use of locally-raised live food and artificial diet for feeding cyprinid larvae in Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):77-90.

Kassler, P. 1973. The structural and geomorphic evolution of the Persian Gulf, pp. 11-32. In: Purser, B. H. (Ed.). The Persian Gulf. Holocene carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in a shallow epicontinental sea. Springer-Verlag, New York. vi + 471 pp.

Kaul, M. and Rishi, K. K. 1987. A case of forked caudal fin in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Matsya, 12 & 13:183-184.

Kay, P. A. and Johnson, D. L. 1981. Estimation of Tigris-Euphrates streamflow from regional paleoenvironmental proxy data. Climatic Change, 3:251-163.

Keivany, Y. 2002. Review of the book "Southern fishes of Iran". Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 9(3):185-188. In Farsi.

Keivany, Y. and Soofiani, N. M. 2002. Preliminary study of biodiversity in Iranian toothcarps. Abstracts of the First Iranian Conference on Animal Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Kerman, Iran, p. 30.

Kell, V. and Saad, M. A. H. 1975. Untersuchungen über das Phytoplankton und einige Umweltparameter des Shatt al-Arab (Irak). Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 60(3):409-421.

Kennedy, W. P. 1937. Some additions to the fauna of Iraq. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 39:745-749.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Jafary, A. R., Allouse, S. B., Al-Yamour, K. Y. and Sadek, S. E. 1986. Distribution and abundance of fishes in the lower reaches of Diyala River. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(3):23-34.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Jafery, A., Allouse, S. B. and Sadek, S. E. 1986. Observations on the age and growth of Chondrostoma regius (sic) (Heckel) in Diyala River. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):83-98.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Jafari, A. R., Elias, S. S. and Warda, M. I. 1986. Bioaccumulation of some heavy metals in some tissues of Barbus belayewi from Diyala River. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(1):27-46. In Arabic.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Jafery, A. R., Khalid, B. Y., Elias, S. S. and Ishaq, M. W. 1985. The patterns of accumulation of some heavy metals in Barbus grypus (Heckel) from a polluted river. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 16(2):51-75.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1985. Observation on the age and growth of twainy, Barbus belayewi Menon (Cypriniformis, (sic) Cyprinidae) in a polluted habitat. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 16(1):19-33.

Khalaf, A.N., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1985. Food and feeding habit of Barbus belayewi Menon from Diyala River, Baghdad, Iraq. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 15(2):119-127.

Khalaf, A.N., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1988. Food and feeding habit of Barbua (sic) belayewi (Menon) from a polluted river, Baghdad, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 23(4):311-320.

Khalaf, A. N., Allouse, S. B., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Al-Jafary, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1987. Food and feeding of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) from a polluted river. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A22(5):397-410.

Khalaf, A. N., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Allouse, S. B., Al-Jafary, A. and Sadek, S. E. 1986. Age, growth, length-weight relationships, and distribution of khishni Liza abu (Heckel)(Mugilidae) in a polluted habitat. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):63-81.

Khalaf, A. N., Allouse, S. B., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Al-Jafary, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1989. Preliminary records on fish distribution in Al-Nibaey lakes (Iraq). Proceedings of the Fifth Scientific Conference of the Science Research Council, Baghdad (abstract).

Khalaf, A. N., Islam, A. K. M. S., Mohammed, M. S. and Al-Jafery, A. S. 1983. Limnological studies of Rashdiyah Reservoir, Baghdad, Iraq. Journal of Biological Science, 14(1):25-45.

Khalaf, A. N., Mansoor, K. Y., Al-Jafery, A. R., Allouse, S. B., Penaz, M. and Sadek, S. E. 1988. Growth pattern of the Barbus luteus population inhabiting a flooded Iraqi gravelpit near Al-Nibaey. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(3):681-692.

Khalaf, A. N., Shafi, M., Islam, A. K. M. S., Al-Jafery, A. R. and Sadek, S. E. 1984. Age and growth of Barbus grypus Heckel from a polluted river. Environmental Pollution (Series A), 35:83-95.

Khalaf, A. N. and Smirnov, N. N. 1976. On littoral Cladocera of Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 51(1):91-94.

Khalaf, G. 1985. Etude de quelques aspects du régime alimentaire de Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) dans les cours d'eau libanais. Verhandlungen der internationalen Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, 22:2631-2635.

Khalaf, G. 1987. Le cycle sexuel de Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) dans les cours d'eau libanais. Cybium, 11(4):395-401.

Khalaf, G., Kraïem, M. M. and Nakhlé, K. 2002. Dynamique de populations de Capoeta damascina (poisson, Cyprinidae) dans un cours d'eau Libanais. Lebanese Science Journal, 3(1):17-26.

Khalaf, K. T. 1961. The marine and freshwater fishes of Iraq. Ar-Rabitta Press, Baghdad. 164 pp.

Khalaf, K. T. 1963. Faunistic notes in Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Institute, University of Baghdad, 8(2):10-12.

Khalaf, T. A. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 2005. The marsh lands of southern Iraq ecocide and genocide: the causes and impacts. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):213-232. In Arabic.

Khalifa, K. A. 1982. Occurrence of parasitic infections in Iraqian fish ponds. Second Arab Conference of Biological Science, Arab Biological Union, 17-20 March 1982, Fez (abstract).

Khalifa, K. A. 1985. Leeches on freshwater farmed fishes in Iraq. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 21(3):312-313.

Khalifa, K. A. 1986. Cestodes of fresh-water farmed fishes in Iraq. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 22(2):278.

Khalifa, K. A. 1989. Incidence of parasitic infestation of fishes in Iraq. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 9(2):66-69.

Khalifa, K. A., Al-Khayat, K. M. and Al-Rijab, F. H. 1983. Ichthyophthiriasis in farmed fishes in Iraq. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 19(2):145.

~Khalifa, K. A., Hassan, F. K., Atiah, H. H. and Latif, B. M. A. 1978. Parasitic infestation of fishes in Iraq waters. Iraqi Journal of Biological Sciences, Baghdad, 6(1):58-63.

Khalil, A. B. 1988. Effect of some heavy metals on survival respiration and their bioaccumulation in the freshwater fish Cyprinion macrostomus. M.Sc. Thesis, Mosul University.

Khamas, W. A. and Nour, A. 2004. Veterinary medical education in Iraq. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 31(4):301-309.

Khamees, N. R. 1983. Studies on the parasites of Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel), Liza abu (Heckel) and Aspius vorax (Heckel) from Mehjran river south of Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 148 pp. In Arabic.

Khamees, N. R. 1996. Life cycles, pathological effects and control of some copepod crustaceans infesting gills of the mugilid fish, Liza abu in Basrah. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 92 pp.

Khamees, N. R. and Mhaisen, F. T. 1988. Ecology of parasites of the cyprinid fish Carasobarbus luteus from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, 19(2):409-419.

Khan, A. A. 1988. Food and feeding habits of a freshwater carp, Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel) from Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 35(4):323-326.

Khayat, M. N., Mahmoud, T. A. and Abbawi, S. A. 1986. Some problems associated with brewery and dairy water discharges. Environment International, 12(5):563-569.

Kibaroğlu, A. 2002. Building a Regime for the Waters of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. International and National Law and Policy Series, 7:xvi + 337 pp.

Kingsford, R. (ed.). 2006. Ecology of Desert Rivers. Cambridge University Press. xiv + 354 pp.

Kitto, M. R. and Tabish, M. 2004. Aquaculture and food security in Iraq. Aquaculture Asia, 9(1):31-33.

Klinkhardt, M., Tesche, M. and Greven, H. 1995. Database of Fish Chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften, Magdeburg. 237 pp.

Kłosowski, S., Szczerbowski, J. A. and Bartel, R. 2001. Flora in lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):75-91.

Knappen-Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy Engineers. 1952. Report on the Development of the Tigris and Euphrates River systems. Knappen-Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy Engineers, New York and Baghdad. Pagination various.

Kobayakawa, M. 1989. Systematic revision of the catfish genus Silurus, with description of a new species from Thailand and Burma. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 36(2):155-186.

Kocher, V. and Weidenhöfer, K. 2001. Nachder Sintflut. Du-Die Zeitschrift der Kultur, 714(3):50-66.

Kolar, C. S., Chapman, D. C., Courtenay, W. R., Housel, C. M., Williams, J. D. and Jennings, D. P. 2005. Asian carps of the genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae) - a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service per Interagency Agreement 94400-3-0128. vi + 175 pp. (www.asiancarp.org/risks.asp).

Kolars, J. 1993. The Middle East's growing water crisis. Research & Exploration, 9(Water Issue):38-49.

Kolars, J. F. and Mitchell, W. A. 1991. The Euphrates River and the Southeast Anatolia Development Project. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale. xxix + 325 pp.

Konar, V., Canpolat, A., Yılmaz, Ö. and Gürsu, F. 1999. Capoeta trutta ve Barbus rajanorum mystaceus'un Kas Dokularındaki Total Lipit ve Yağ Asidi Miktar ve Bileşimlerinin Üreme Periyodu Süresince Değişimi [Variation of total lipid and fatty acid amount and compositions in muscles of Capoeta trutta and Barbus rajanorum mystaceus during reproduction period]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23(3):319-330.

Korki, M. 1992. Hawr-al-Azim or Hawr-al-Hoveyzeh (a nature inside the nature). Abzeeyan, Tehran, 3:82-83. In Farsi.

Kornijów, R., Szczerbowski, J. A., Krzywosz, T. and Bartel, R. 2001. The macrozoobenthos of the Iraqi lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):127-145.

Kornijów, R., Szczerbowski, J. A. and Bartel, R. 2001. Epiphytic fauna associated submerged macrophytes of the Iraqi lakes Tharthar and Habbaniya. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):147-156.

Kosswig, C. 1951. Contributions to the knowledge of the zoogeographical situation in the Near and Middle East. Experientia, 7(2):401-406.

Kosswig, C. 1952. Die Zoogeographie der türkischen Süßwasserfische. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Araştirma Enstitüsü Yayınlarından, Seri B, 1(2):85-101.

Kosswig, C. 1955. Zoogeography of the Near East. Systematic Zoology, 4:49-73, 96.

Kosswig, C. 1964. Bemerkungen zur Geschichte und zur Ökologie der Ichthyofauna Kleinasiens, besonders seines abflußlosen Zentralbeckens. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 172(1):1-15.

Kosswig, C. 1965. Zur historischen Zoogeographie der Ichthyofauna im Süsswasser des sudlichen Kleinasiens. Zoologische Jahrbücher für Systematik, 92:83-90.

Kosswig, C. 1967. Tethys and its relation to the peri-Mediterranean faunas of fresh-water fishes, pp. 313-324. In: Adams, C. G. and Ager, D. V. (Eds.). Aspects of Tethyan Biogeography. Systematics Association Publication No. 7. vi + 336 pp.

Kosswig, C. 1969. New contributions to the zoogeography of fresh water fish of Asia Minor, based on collections made between 1964-1967. Israel Journal of Zoology, 18:249-254.

Kosswig, C. 1973. Über die Ausbreitungswege sogenannter perimediterraner Süßwasserfische. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 24:165-177.

Kosswig, C. and Battalgil, F. 1942. Zoogeographie der türkischen Süsswasserfische. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, Seri B, 7(3):145-165.

Kosswig, C. and Battalgil, F. 1943. Türkiye tatlı su balıklarının zoogeografik ehemmiyeti. Comptes Rendus de la Société Turque, Istanbul, 8 (1941-1942):18-31.

Kostecki, M. 1993a. Limnological studies of the lakes of central Iraq. Part I. Limnological characteristics of Lake Habbaniya. Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska, 3-4:87-108. In Polish.

Kostecki, M. 1993b. Limnological studies of the lakes of central Iraq. Part II. Thermal-oxygen relations and basic water quality indicators of Lake Razzazah. Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska, 3-4:109-131. In Polish.

Kostich, J. 1979. In the beginning... Aphanius mento (Heckel, 1843). Journal of the American Killifish Association, 12(6):186-187.

Kotlík, N., Bogutskaya, N. G. and Ekmekçi, F. G. 2004. Circum Black Sea phylogeography of Barbus freshwater fishes: divergence in the Pontic glacial refugium. Molecular Ecology, 13(1):87-95.

Kottelat, M. 1984. Revision of the Indonesian and Malaysian loaches of the subfamily Noemacheilinae. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 31(3):225-260.

Kottelat, M. 1986. Cobitis Linnaeus, 1758 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes): proposed designation of Cobitis taenia Linnaeus, 1758 as type species and request for a ruling on the stem of the family-group name Cobitididae Swainson, 1839. Z.N.(S.) 2566. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 43(4):360-362.

Kottelat, M. 1987. Nomenclatural status of the fish names created by J. C. van Hasselt (1823) and of some cobitoid genera. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 33(4):368-375.

Kottelat, M. 1988. Indian and Indochinese species of Balitora (Osteichthyes: Cypriniformes) with descriptions of two new species and comments on the family-group names Balitoridae and Homalopteridae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 95(2):487-504.

Kottelat, M. 1990. Indochinese nemacheilines. A revision of nemacheiline loaches (Pisces: Cypriniformes) of Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia and southern Viet Nam. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München. 262 pp.

Kottelat, M. 1991. Comments on the proposed precedence of Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 48(4):333-335.

Kottelat, M. 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52 (Supplement 5):1-271.

Kottelat, M., Nielsen, J. G. and Nijssen, H. 1993. Survey of ichthyological resources in European museums and collections. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München. 24 pp.

Kottelat, M. and Wheeler, A. 2001. Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Osteichthyes, Cyprinodontiformes): proposed placement on the Official List. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 58(2):110-115.

Kouchoukos, N., Smith, R., Gleason, A., Thenkabail, P., Hole, F., Barkoudah, Y., Albert, J., Gluhosky, P. and Foster, J. 1998. Monitoring the distribution, use, and regeneration of natural resources in semi-arid Southwest Asia. Yale School of Forestry and Environment Studies Bulletin, 103:467-491.

Koumans, F. P. 1955. Gobioid fishes of India. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 13(1938-1942):205-330.

Kouraev, A. V. 2007. Hydrological regime of the Euphrates-Tigris river system using satellite altimetry. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Krieg, F., Estoup, A., Triantafyllidis, A. and Guyomard, R. 1999. Isolation of microsatellite loci in European catfish, Silurus glanis. Molecular Ecology, 8(11):1964-1966.

Krieg, F., Triantafyllidis, A. and Guyomard, R. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA variation in European populations of Silurus glanis. Journal of Fish Biology, 56(3):713-724.

Kritsky, D. C., Pandey, K. C., Agrawal, N. and Abdullah, S. M. A. 2004. Monogenoids from the gills of spiny eels (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae) in India and Iraq, proposal of Mastacembelocleidus gen. n., and status of the Indian species of Actinocleidus, Urocleidus and Haplocleidus (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae). Folia Parasitologica, 51(4):291-298.

Krupp, F. 1983. Fishes of Saudi Arabia. Freshwater Fishes of Saudi Arabia and Adjacent Regions of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5:568-636.

Krupp, F. 1984a. Aphanius cypris (Heckel, 1843) versus Aphanius mento (Heckel, 1843)(Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Cybium, 8(2):63-69.

Krupp, F. 1984b. Recent changes in the distribution of Syrian freshwater fishes. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych, seria H, 100(3)(1983):79-88.

Krupp, F. 1985a. Rehabilitation of Barbus lorteti Sauvage, 1882, and comments on the validity of the generic names Bertinius Fang, 1943, and Bertinichthys Whitley, 1953 (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Hydrobiologia, 120:63-68.

Krupp, F. 1985b. Barbus chantrei (SAUVAGE 1882), a valid species of cyprinid fish from the northern Levant (Pisces: Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 66(1/3):17-25.

Krupp, F. 1985c. Systematik und Zoogeographie der Süßwasserfische des levantinischen Grabenbruchsystems und der Ostküste des Mittelmeeres. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades "Doktor der Naturwissenschaften" am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg - Universität in Mainz. 215 pp., Anhang: Abbildungen, Karten, Tabellen, 169 pp.

Krupp, F. 1985d. A new species of Chondrostoma from the Orontes river drainage basin of Turkey and Syria (Pisces: Osteichthyes: Cyprinidae). Senckenbergiana biologica, 66(1/3):27-33.

Krupp, F. 1987. Freshwater ichthyogeography of the Levant, pp. 229-237. In: Krupp, F., Schneider, W. and Kinzelbach, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz, 1985. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), 28, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, 338 pp.

Krupp, F. 1992. The karst springs of Ra's Al-Ain. Aqua Geõ-graphia, 1(1):26-33.

Krupp, F., Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Ziegler, T. 1992. A possible natural hybrid of Acanthobrama marmid and Alburnus mossulensis from Haur al-Hammar, southern Iraq. Senckenbergiana Biologica, 72(4/6):219-223.

Krupp, F. and Schneider, W. 1989. The fishes of the Jordan River drainage basin and Azraq Oasis. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 10:347-416.

Krupp, F. and Schneider, W. 1991a. Two new species of Nemacheilus Bleeker 1863 from the Orontes River drainage basin of Lebanon, Syria and Turkey. Senckenbergiana biologica, 71(1/3)(1990):23-34.

Krupp, F. and Schneider, W. 1991b. Bestandserfassung der Rezenten Fauna im Bereich des Nahr Al-Hābūr, p. 69-85. Die Rezent Umwelt von Tall Šēh Hamad und Daten zur Umweltrekonstruction der Assyrischen Stadt Dūr-Katlimmu. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin.

Kürkçüoğlu, N. and Öz, G. 1989. Psoriasis and the doctor fish. The Lancet, 2(8676):1394.

Kuronoma, K. and Abe, Y. 1986. Fishes of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, State of Kuwait. xiii + 357 pp., 30 plates.

Kuru, M. 1971. The fresh-water fish fauna of eastern Anatolia. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Mecmuasi, B, 36(3-4):137-147.

Kuru, M. 1975.Dicle-Fırat Kura-Aras, Van Gölü ve Karadeniz Havzası tatlısularında yaşayan Balıkların (Pisces) Sistematik ve Zoocoğrafik Yönden İncelenmese.Docentliktezi-Basilmamis, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum.

Kuru, M. 1978-1979. The fresh water fish of south-eastern Turkey - 2 (Euphrates-Tigris system). Hacettepe Bulletin of Natural Sciences and Engineering, 7-8:105-114.

Kuru, M. 1980a. Key to the inland water fishes of Turkey. Parts I-III. Hacettepe Bulletin of Natural Sciences and Engineering, 9:103-112; 113-122; 123-133.

Kuru, M. 1980b.Türkiye Tatlısu Balıkları Kataloğu.Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yayınları Yardımcı Kitapler Dizisi, 1:vii + 73 pp. (Seri:12, Bölüm:1, Sayı:1).

Kuru, M. 1981. Revision of Chondrostoma species of Turkey. Hacettepe Bulletin of Natural Sciences and Engineering, 10:111-112.

Kuru, M. 1987. Vertebrate Animals. Atatürk Űniversitesi Yayınları, Erzurum. 435 pp. In Turkish.

Kuşat, M., Bolat, Y. and Tokgözlü, A. 1995.Sudak Avcılığında Kullanilan Çöpçü (Neomacheilus (sic) angorae, Steindachner, 1897) ve Taşyiyen (Cobitis taenia L. 1758) Balıklarının Paraketa İğnesinde Canlı Kalma Süreleri [The survival times on the longline hook of the Angora loach (Nemacheilus angorae Steindachner, 1897) and spined loach (Cobitis taenia L., 1758) used in pikeperch fishing]. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, İzmir-Bornova, 12 (1-2):61-67.

Ladiges, W. 1960. Süßwasserfische der Türkei, 1. Teil Cyprinidae. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 58:105-150.

Ladiges, W. 1964. Süßwasserfische der Türkei, 3. Teil restliche Gruppen. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 61:203-220.

Ladiges, W. 1966. Süßwasserfische der Türkei, 4. Teil: Die Gattung Chondrostoma (Cyprinidae) in der Türkei. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 63:101-109.

Ladiges, W. und Vogt, D. 1979. Die Süßwasserfische Europas bis zum Ural und Kaspischen Meer. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. 299 pp.

Laessøe, J. 1951. The irrigation system at Ulhu, 8th century B.C. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 5:21-32.

Laessøe, J. 1953. Reflexions on modern and ancient oriental water works. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 7:5-26.

Lamb, H. H. 1977. Climate, present, past and future. Volume 2. Climatic history and the future. Methuen, London. xxx + 835 pp.

Lamb, H. H. 1982. Climate, history and the modern world. Methuen, London. xix + 387 pp.

Lambeck, K. 1996. Shoreline reconstructions for the Persian Gulf since the last glacial maximum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 142(1):43-57.

Landsberger, B. 1962. Materialien zum Sumerischen Lexikon. MSL VIII/2. The Fauna of Ancient Mesopotamia. Second Part. HAR-ra=hubullu Tablets XIV and XVIII. Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Roma. x + 180 pp.

Lane, F. B. 1920. Large carp from Mesopotamia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 27:176-177.

Larsen, C. E. 1975. The Mesopotamian delta region: a reconsideration of Lees and Falcon. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 95(1):43-57.

Larsen, C. E. and Evans, G. 1978. The Holocene geological history of the Tigris-Euphrates-Karun Delta, pp. 227-244.In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.). The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age. Academic Press, London. xx + 384 pp.

Latif, M. A., Khalaf, A. N. and Khalid, B. Y. 1982. Bioaccumulation of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc in two cyprinid fishes of Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences, Baghdad, 13(2):45-64.

Lawler, A. 2005. Reviving Iraq's wetlands. Science, 307:1186-1187, 1189.

Lawton, J. 1988. Mesopotamian menus. Saudi Aramco World, 39(2):4 pp.

Lazara, K. 1988. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the genera Aphanius, Kosswigichthys, and Valencia. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 21(1-2):5-15.

Lazara, K. J. 1989. Aphanius mento (Heckel, 1843) - ein älteres Synonym zu Aphanius cypris (Heckel, 1843). Deutsche Killifische Gemeinschaft Journal, Köln, 21(6):87-90.

Lazara, K. J. 1995. History of the genera Lebia Oken 1817 and Lebias Goldfuss 1820 (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Cyprinodontidae) with designation of a type species for Lebias. Copeia, 1995(2):501-503.

Lazara, K. J. (Ed.). 2001. The Killifishes: An annotated checklist, synonymy and bibliography of recent oviparous cyprinodontiform fishes. The Killifish Master Index, 4th Edition. xviii + 624 pp., appendices A-C.

Lees, G. M. and Falcon, N. L. 1952. The geographical history of the Mesopotamian Plains. Geographical Journal, 118:24-39.

Lelek, A. 1987. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Volume 9. Threatened Fishes of Europe. AULA-Verlag, Wiesbaden. 343 pp.

Lev, E. 2006. Healing with animals in the Levant from the 10th to the 18th century. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 2:11 (9 pp).

Lever, C. 1996. Naturalized Fishes of the World. Academic Press, London. xxiv + 408 pp.

Levin, B. A. 2004. Phenetic relationship of barbels of the Caucasian region and their status in the system of the genus Barbus sensu stricto (Cyprinidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 44(6):444-449.

Leviton, A. E., Gibbs, R. H., Heal, E. and Dawson, C. E. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia, 1985(3):802-832.

Lewis, W. W. 1970. Morphological adaptation of cyprinodontids for inhabiting oxygen deficient waters. Copeia, 1970:319-325.

Li, S. 1986. Systematics, distribution and evolution of Glyptothorax (Siluriformes: Sisoridae). In: Uyeno, T., Arai, R., Taniuchi, T. and Matsuura, K. (Eds.). Indo-Pacific Fish Biology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Indo-Pacific Fishes, Tokyo. pp. 521-528.

Libosvárský, J. 1962. Zur palaeoborealen Verbreitung der Gattung Carassius Jarocki 1822. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik Öekologie und Geographie der Tiere, Jena, 90:197-210.

Light, W. A. 1917. A large carp from the Euphrates River. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 25:308-309.

Lloyd, H. I. 1926. The geography of the Mosul boundary. Geographical Journal, 68:104-117, map.

Lortet, L. 1883. Études zoologiques sur la Faune du Lac de Tibériade suivies d'un aperçu sur la Faune des lacs d'Antioche et de Homs. Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon, 3:99-182, plates vi-xviii.

Lotan, R. 1969. Sodium, chloride and water balance in the euryhaline teleost Aphanius dispar (Rüppell) (Cyprinodontidae). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 65:455-462.

Lotan, R. 1971. Osmotic adjustment in the euryhaline teleost Aphanius dispar (Cyprinodontidae). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 75(3):383-387.

Lotan, R. 1973. Osmoregulation during adaptation to fresh water in the euryhaline teleost Aphanius dispar Rüppell (Cyprinodontidae, Pisces). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 87:339-349.

Lotan, R. and Ben-Tuvia, A. 1996. Distribution and reproduction of killifish Aphanius dispar and A. fasciatus and their hybrids in the Bardawil Lagoon on the Mediterranean coast of Sinai, Egypt. Israel Journal of Zoology, 42:203-213.

Louis, J. P., Albert, J. P. and Moussa, A. M. 1988. Le paludisme en Republique de Djibouti. Strategie de controle par la lutte antilarvaire biologique: poissons larvivores autochthones (Aphanius dispar) et toxines bacteriennes. Médecine tropicale, 48(2):127-131.

Löw, I. 1906. Aramäische Fischnamen. Orientalische Studien, Theod. Nöldeke zum 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.....Giesen (A. Töpelman), p. 549-570.

Lubick, N. 2003. Iraq's marshes renewed. Geotimes, 48(10):25-29.

Ludwig, A., Bohlen, J., Wolter, C. and Pitra, C. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of spined loaches (Cobitidae, Cobitis and Sabanejewia) as indicated by variability of mitochondrial DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 131(3):381-392.

Lutman, C. A. 1982. Aphanius mento. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 15(4):129-131.

Lynch, H. A. 1956. Report to the Government of Iraq on fishways at dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Expanded Technical Assistant Programme, Report 526:1-20, 22 maps and plans.

MacFadyen, W. A. 1938. Water Supplies in Iraq. Ministry of Economics and Communications, Government Press, Baghdad and Iraq Geological Department Publication, 1:206 pp., + viii, XIX plates.

MacFadyen, W. A. and Vita-Finzi, C. 1978. Mesopotamia: the Tigris-Euphrates delta and its Holocene Hammar fauna. Geological Magazine, 115(4):287-300.

Machordom, A. and Doadrio, I. 2001. Evidence of a Cenozoic Betic-Kabilian connection based on freshwater fish phylogeography (Luciobarbus, Cyprinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 18(2):252-263.

Mackay, H. 1919. Large carp from Mesopotamia. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 26:680.

Mackowiak, L. 1988. Aphanius dispar. a Middle Eastern favorite. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 21(1-2):51-53.

Mahamed, S. S., Douabul, A. A. Z., Warner, B., Asada, T., Abaychi, J. K. and Alwash, A. J. 2005. Restoration processes in Abu Zirig-Central Marsh: a case study. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Mahdi, A. A., Hussain, N. A. and Al-Noor, S. S. 2000. Ichthyoplankton survey from northern part of Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):571-580. In Arabic.

Mahdi, A. A., Mahmood, A. A. and Al-Imarah, F. J. M. 2002. Variations in nutrients in Shatt Al-Arab River during last two decades. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(2):355-363.

Mahdi, A. A. J. 1996. The biology of two sciaenids Johnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830) and Johnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830) in Shatt Al-Arab estuary, northwest Arabian Gulf. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 91 pp. In Arabic.

Mahdi, A. A., Faddagh, M. S., Tuman, A. J. and Abdullah, T. A. 2005. Biochemical composition and caloric value of six freshwater fish species from the southern Iraqi marshes. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Mahdi, N. 1962. Fishes of Iraq. Ministry of Education, Baghdad. 82 pp.

Mahdi, N. 1971. Additions to the marine fish fauna of Iraq. Iraq Natural History Museum Publication, 28:43 pp. + 4 pp.

Mahdi, N. and Georg, P. V. 1969. A systematic list of the vertebrates of Iraq. Iraq Natural History Museum Publication, Baghdad, 26:1-104.

Mahmoud, T. A. and Ahmad, S. 1979. A water quality study of a stretch of the River Tigris. Water Research, 13(8):785-790.

Mairokov, M. 1964. Vodniye resursiy Mesopotamii [The water resources of Mesopotamia]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Geografiya, 19(3):51-57.

Maitland, P. S. 1991. Conservation of threatened freshwater fish in Europe. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Nature and Environment Series, Council of Europe Press, Strasbourg, 46:1-76.

Majeed, M. 2007. Study of some of biochemical changes in liver and blood plasma of freshwater fish Liza abu collected from different sites close to some pollution sources in Shatt Al-Arab River. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Majeed, S. A. 1989. Biology of the gizzard shad Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) in Khawr Al-Zubair, south Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 91 pp.

Mallowan, M. E. L. 1964. Noah's flood reconsidered. Iraq, 26:62-82, pls. XVI-XX.

Maltby, E. (Ed.). 1994. An environmental and ecological study of the marshlands of Mesopotamia. Draft Consultative Bulletin, Wetlands Ecosystems Research Group, University of Exeter, AMAR Appeal Trust, London. 228 pp.

Mangalo, H. H. and Akbar, M. M. 1988a. Limnological investigations on the Al-Latifiyah common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pond (Baghdad - Iraq). I- Environmental conditions and zooplankton abundance. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A23(4):335-349.

Mangalo, H. H. and Akbar, M. M. 1988b. Limnological investigation on the Al-Latifiyah common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pond (Baghdad - Iraq). II Food and feeding habits of Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, A23(6):513-524.

Mansour, A. J. 2005. Estimate of gill surface area of abu-al-hakam Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1797) from the southern marshes of Basrah. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

~Mansour, R. H., Saleh, K. I. and Al-Shamma’a, A. A. 2006. The reproduction and fecundity of the marine fish silver shia’am Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782) cultured in Ar-Razaza Lake. Proceedings of the 1st Scientific Conference of the Education College, Karbala University, Karbala 25/April/2005. Karbala University Science Journal, 3:289-314. In Arabic.

Marammazi, J., Al-Mukhtar, M. A., Dehgan, S., Maraashi, S. Z., Eskandari, G., Shakiba, G. and Mayiahi, Y. 1995. Biology of soboor Tenualosa ilisha (phase 1), final report. Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran. 194 pp. In Farsi.

Marammazi, J., Al-Mukhtar, M. A. and Kiabi, B. H. 1998. Comparison of morphometric and meristic traits and length frequency in soboor (Tenualosa ilisha Ham. Buch. 1822) of the migration pathways in Khuzestan province. Pajouhesj-va-Sazandagi, 11(39):13-120. In Farsi.

Marammazi, J. Gh. 1995. A study of identification and some biological aspects of sobour Tenualosa ilisha (Ham. Buch 1822) in Bahmanshir River, Khuzestan, Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, 78 pp. In Farsi.

Marammazi, J. G. H., Kiabi, B. O. and Al-Mukhtar, M. A. 1995. Morphometric and meristic characteristics of sobur Tenualosa ilisha (Ham. Buch 1822) in Bahmanshir River - Khuzestan - IRAN. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, 4(3):40-55, 7. In Farsi.

Marammazi, J. Gh., Al-Mukhtar, M. and Eskandari, Gh. R. 1998. Fecundity estimation of sobour (Tenualosa ilisha, Ham. Buch. 1822) in Khouzestan Province's rivers. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, 7(1):69-82, 7. In Farsi.

Marammazi, J. Gh., Al-Mukhtar, M. A., Eskandari, Gh. R. and Dehghan, S. 1996. Biological study of sobour Tenualosa ilisha (Ham. Buch. 1822) in migratory passways in southwest of Iran. Khuzestan Fisheries Research Centre, Ahvaz, Iran. XIII + 214 pp. In Farsi.

Marine Science Centre Newsletter. 2004. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, Issue 1:1-4 (continuing, www.msc-basra.com).

Marshall, N. B. and Thines, G. L. 1958. Studies on the brain, sense organs and light sensibility of a blind cave fish (Typhlogarra widdowsoni) from Iraq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 131(3): 441-456.

Martin, R. A. 1935. Description of painted pottery from Jemdet Nasr. American Journal of Archaeology, 39(3):312-320, pls. XXX-XXXVI (see also Field, H. (1935)).

Mason, K., Sherwin-White, A. N. and Hyamson, A. M. 1944. Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 524, London. xviii + 681 pp, map.

Mathias, P. 1921. Étude du genre Chondrostoma dans l'Europe occidentale et la région circumméditerranéanne. Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, 28(1/2):1-52, pl. I-II.

~Maulood, B. K., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Hadi, R. A. 1993. Limnological studies on Tigris, Euphrates and Shatt-Al-Arab rivers, Iraq. Mutah Lil-Buhoth Wad-Dirasat. Natural Science Series (Mutah University), 8(3):53-68.

Maulood, B. K., Hadi, R. A. M., Saadalla, H. A. A., Kassim, T. I. and Al-Lami, A. A. 1993. Check list of algae in Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, Supplement 1:1-128.

Maulood, B. K. and Hinton, G. C. F. 1978. An ecological study on Serchinar water - chemical and physical aspects. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 4(3):93-117.

Maulood, B. K., Hinton, G. C. F., Kamees, H. S., Saleh, F. A. K., Shaban, A. A. and Al Shahwani, S. M. H. 1979. An ecological survey of some aquatic ecosystems in southern Iraq. Tropical Ecology, 20(1):27-40.

Maulood, B. K., Hinton, G. C. F., Whitton, B. A. and Al-Saadi, H. A. 1981. On the algal ecology of the lowland Iraqi marshes. Hydrobiologia, 80:269-276,

Maxwell, G. 1957. A reed shaken by the wind: a journey through the unexplored marshlands of Iraq. Penguin, London. 223 pp.

McKinnon, M. and Vine, P. 1991. Tides of War. Immel Publishing, London. 192 pp.

McLachlan, K. and Schofield, R. N. 1987. A Bibliography of the Iran-Iraq Borderland. Middle East & North African Studies Press Limited, Wisbech. xii + 383 pp.

Meffe, G. K. and Snelson, F. F. (Eds.). 1989. Ecology and Evolution of Livebearing Fishes (Poeciliidae). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. xxv + 453 pp.

Mehdi, A. A., Abdullah, S. S. and Al-Sayab, H. A. 1995. Vertical and longitudinal changes of salinity in Khor Al-Zubair and its effect by high discharge. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(1):215-222. In Arabic.

Mehdi, D. S. 1989. Effect of parasites on the biochemical constituents of fishes Liza abu. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 98 pp. In Arabic.

Mehrtabor, R. R. 1960. Fishes of Iran. Tehran. 123 pp. In Farsi.

~Melkonian, M. K., Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Saleem, S. D. 1993. Lack of relationship between morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in two species of migratory fish from Basrah waters, Iraq. Mu’tah Journal for Research Studies, Jordan, 8(3):39-51.

Menon, A. G. K. 1957. The external relationships of the Indian freshwater fishes, with special reference to the countries bordering on the Indian Ocean. Journal of the Asiatic Society, Science, 21(1)(1955):31-38.

Menon, A. G. K. 1964. Monograph of the cyprinid fishes of the genus Garra Hamilton. Memoirs of the Indian Museum, 14(4):173-260, pl. VIII-XIII.

Menon, A. G. K. 1987. The Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Pisces. Vol. IV. Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 1. Homalopteridae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. x + 259 pp., pls. I-XVI.

Menon, A. G. K. 1992. The Fauna of India and the Adjacent Countries. Pisces. Vol. IV. Teleostei - Cobitoidea. Part 2. Cobitidae. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. 113 pp., pls. 1-10.

Menon, A. G. K. and Yazdani, G. M. 1968. Catalogue of type-specimens in the Zoological Survey of India. Part 2.-Fishes. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 61(1 & 2):1-190.

Menon, M. A. S. 1960. On a third collection of fish from Iraq. Records of the Indian Museum, 54(1956):139-157, pl. 2.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1980. Fish Parasitology in Iraq. Basrah Natural History Museum Publication, 3:1-36, IX plates.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1982. The anchor worm, Lernaea cyprinacea, in Basrah University Fish Farm. Iraqi Journal of Marine Science, 1(1):3-11.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1983. Diseases and parasites of fishes. University of Basrah Press, Basrah. 227 pp. In Arabic.

~Mhaisen, F. T. 1986. Records of some fish parasites from Shatt-Al-Arab river and the northwest of the Arab Gulf. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 6(1):111-124.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1992a. On the distribution and ecology of the heterocheilid nematode Contracaecum (Railliet et Henry, 1912) in the fishes of Iraq. Third Scientific Conference of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Basrah, 14-15 April 1992 (abstract).

Mhaisen, F. T. 1992b. Suitability of southern marshes of Iraq for cultivation of the common carp. First Symposium on the Present Status and Future of the Marshes of Iraq, University of Basrah, 20-21 December 1992 (abstract).

~Mhaisen, F. T. 1993a. The role of wild fishes in fish farms of Iraq from parasitological and pathological points of view. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 17:126-136.

~Mhaisen, F. T. 1993b. A review on the parasites and disease in fish ponds and farms of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Science, 6(2):20-28.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1995a. Parasites of fishes of Basrah Province marshy area, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 30(1):41-49.

Mhaisen, F. T. 1995b. Check-lists of parasites and disease agents of Barbus spp. (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):236-253.

~Mhaisen, F. T. 2001. Literature review and check-list of Acanthocephalus of fishes of Iraq. Abstracts of the Fifth Scientific Conference, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, pp. 23-24.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Abul-Eis, E. S. 1995. External parasites of Al-Wahda Fish Hatchery at Suwaira, south of Baghdad. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):202-206.

Mhaisen, F. T., Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Kadim, L. S. 1988. First record of Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 with an identification key for the dactylogyrids of fishes of Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(supplement):887-900.

Mhaisen, F. T., Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Kadim, L. S. 1989. Protozoan and crustacean parasites of the mugilid fish Liza abu inhabiting Babylon Fish Farm, Hilla, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):517-525.

~Mhaisen, F. T., Ali, N. M., Abul-Eis, E. S. and Kadim, L. S. 1990. Parasitological investigation on the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella of Babylon Fish Farm, Hilla, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Biological Science, 10(1):89-96.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Al-Jaffery, A. R. 1989. Determination of age and growth of the mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) inhabiting Babylon Fish Farm, Hilla, Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):547-554.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Al-Maliki, N. S. 1996. Parasites, diseases and food of the dark-blotched mudskipper Periophthalmus waltoni (Perciformes: Gobiidae) in the Khor Al-Zubair estuary (Iraq). Zoology in the Middle East, 13:85-87.

~Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Saadi, A. A. J. and Al- Shamma’a, A. A. 1999. Some observation of fish parasites of Habbaniya Lake. Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences, 12(1):62-67.

Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Salim, N. K. and Khamees, N. R. 1984. The parasitic fauna of two cyprinid and a mugilid fish from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah. Second Iraqi-Hungarian Hydrobiological Seminar, Baghdad, November 1984 (abstract).

Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Salim, N. K. and Khamees, N. R. 1986. The parasitic fauna of two cyprinid and a mugilid fish from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(3):63-73.

Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Salim, N. K. and Khamees, N. R. 1988. Occurrence of parasites of the freshwater mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) from Basrah, southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology, 32(4):525-532.

Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Yamour, K. Y. and Allouse, S. B. 1993. Parasites of freshwater fishes from Tigris River at Al-Rashidia, north of Baghdad, Iraq. Fourth Scientific Conference of the Scientific Societies Council, Hilla, 26-28 October 1993 (abstract).

Mhaisen, F. T., Al-Yamour, K. Y. and Allouse, S. B. 1995. Parasites of some freshwater fishes from Tigris River at Al-Rashidia, north of Baghdad, Iraq. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, nova série, 2(32):547-554.

~Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khatab, K. H., Al-Shaikh, S. M. and Al-Jawda, J. M. 1993. Survey of the cultured fish parasites of three provinces in the centre of Iraq. Journal of Fisheries, 13:84-87. In Arabic.

Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H., Al-Shaikh, S. M. J., Al-Jawda, J. M. and Haiawi, S. M. 1995. Survey of parasites of three fish farms at Al-Latifiya, south Baghdad. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):218-224.

Mhaisen, F. T., Balasem, A. N., Al-Khateeb, G. H. and Asmar, K. R. 1997. Recording of five monogenetic trematodes for the first time from fishes of Iraq. 14th Science Conference of the Iraqi Biological Society, Kufa, 11-13 March 1997 (abstract).

Mhaisen, F. T. and Khamees, N. R. 1995. Check-list of the parasites and disease agents of the Siluriformes of Iraq. Zoology in the Middle East, 11:113-120.

~Mhaisen, F. T., Khamees, N. R. and Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1990. Parasites and disease agents of carps in Iraq: A check-list. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(1-2):133-139.

Mhaisen, F. T., Khamees, N. R. and Al-Daraji, S. A. M. 1994. Parasites and disease agents of marine and freshwater fishes of Basrah Province, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):45-61.

Muhaisen (sic), F. D. (sic), Salman, N. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 1985. On the control of tadpoles in fish farms at Basrah University. I. The effect of certain chemicals in controlling tadpoles of Rana ridibunda and the larvae of Gambusia affinis. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 1985(6):133-139. In Arabic.

~Mhaisen, F. T., Salman, N. A. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 1986. Some findings on the control of tadpoles in Basrah University fish farm. I. Effect of some chemicals on tadpoles (Rana ridibunda) and mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(4):21-28.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Yousif, U. H. 1986. The limnology of Mehaijeran Creek, a side branch of Shatt-Al-Arab river. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 17(2):161-168.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Yousif, U. H. 1988. Reproductive biology of the mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 1:48-55.

Mhaisen, F. T. and Yousif, U. H. 1989. Age and growth of the mugilid fish Liza abu (Heckel) from Mehaijeran Creek, Basrah, Iraq. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum, 8(2):147-155.

Mietle, P. L. 1967. The fisheries of the Near East region. Fisheries Circular, Food and Agriculture Organization, 112:140 pp.

Milton, D. A. and Chenery, S. R. 2001. Can otolith chemistry detect the population structure of the shad hilsa Tenualosa ilisha? Comparison with the results of genetic and morphological studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 222:239-251.

Mina, M. V., Mironovsky, A. N. and Golani, D. 2001. Consequences and modes of morphological diversification of East African and Eurasian barbins (genera Barbus, Varicorhinus and Capoeta) with particular reference to Barbus intermedius complex. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61(3):241-252.

Mir, S. 1990. Taxonomical studies and the geographical distribution of freshwater fishes of Jordan. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 18(2):157-175.

Mirza, M. R. 1983. A review of natural history research in the Muslim World. National Science Council, Islamabad. 144 pp.

Mirza, M. R. 1989. A note on the classification of Cobitoidea with the description of a new family Noemacheilidae (Pisces, Cypriniformes). Science International, Lahore, 1(5):319-320.

Mirza, M. R., Awan, K. M. and Javed, M. N. 1991. A contribution to the systematics of the fishes of the genus Cyprinion Heckel from Pakistan. First Symposium on Fish and Fisheries of Pakistan, October, 19 - 20, 1991, Department of Zoology, Government College, Lahore, p. 12 (abstract).

Mirza, M. R. and Naeem Javed, M. 1986. A contribution to the fishes of the genus Tor Gray (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Biologia, Lahore, Special Supplement, 1986:71-82.

Misra, K. S. 1949. On a second collection of fish from Iraq. Records of the Indian Museum, 45(1947):115-127.

Mitsch, W. J., Zhang, L., Jørgensen, S. E. and Tuttle, C. L. 2006. Simulating restoration of the Iraqi Mesopotamian marshland. Annual Reports, The Olentangy River Wetland Research Park, Knowledge Bank, Ohio State University, p. 283-288 (http://hdl.handle.net/1811/24109).

Mo, T. 1991. Anatomy, relationships and systematics of the Bagridae (Teleostei: Siluroidei) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny. Theses Zoologicae, 17:vii + 216 pp.

Moghainemi, R. S. and Abasi, S. 1992. Parasitic fauna of economically important fishes from Hoor-Elazim Marsh. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization Publication, Tehran. iv + 107 pp. In Farsi.

Mohamad, E. T. 1989. Study on parasites of the stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) (Bloch, 1879) from Al-Hammar marsh, Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 103 pp.

Mohamad, M. A., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Al-Mashhdany, A. J. and Rasheed, L. A. 2001. Substitution of animal concentrates by thermally treated Vicia faba field bean for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. rations. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture, 6(1):113-121. In Arabic.

~Mohamad, M. A., Al-Shamma’a, A. A., Hussain, T. S., Humady, A. J. and Nasser, E. N. 1997. The seasonal variation in diets of fish from Al-Qadesiya Reservoir. Iraq Journal of Science, 28(10):156- 175. In Arabic.

~Mohamad, M. A., Al-Shamma’a, A. A. and Salman, N. A. 2001. The mechanism of food filtration by Varicorhinus trutta (Heckel) and its relation with natural diet of fish from Tigris River. Journal of Al-Qadisya, Pure Sciences, 6(1):271-284. In Arabic.

Mohamad, M. A., Al–Shamma’a, A. A. and Shawardy, A. A. 1998. The substitution of soybean meal by local broad bean Vicia faba L. in the nutrition of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in earthen ponds. Iraqi Journal of Science, 39B(4):1-6. In Arabic.

Mohamad, S. A. 1995. Studies on the cestodes parasitic in some teleost fishes in Tigris River. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul. 126 pp.

Mohamed, A. R. M. 1978. The study of physico-chemical features of Saqlawiya drainage system and their relation to fish distribution. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad.

Mohamed, A. R. M. 1994. Seasonal fluctuations in the fish catches of the northwestern Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):63-78.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Al-Habeeb, F. M. K., Hussain, N. A., Salman, N. A. and Mutlak, F. M. 2001. Acclimation of small Mugilidae fish from the coasts of south Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):239-256. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Al-Habeeb, F. M. K., Yasser, A. K. T., Salman, N. A and Salih, J. H. 2001. Culturing of small Mugilidae fish in the Razzaza Lake, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):331-346. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Ali, T. S. 1993. The presence of a cyprinid fish, Barbus luteus in marine waters of Iraq. Arquivos do Museu Bocage, nova série, 2(25):415-416.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1992. Fishery and ecology of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) in NW Arabian Gulf. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 2:271-283. In Arabic.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1993. Growth, mortality and stock assessment of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) in the NW Arabian Gulf. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(1):18-33. In Arabic.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1993. The reproductive biology of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) in the NW Arabian Gulf. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 3:190-201. In Arabic.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1994. Food habit of pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) in the NW Arabian Gulf. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 4:38-44. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1997. A morphometric study of the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) from the northwest the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):141-157. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N. A. 1995. The possible effects of Saddam River on Iraqi marine fisheries. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):310-319.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N. A. 1998. Fishery, growth and stock assessment of tigertooth croaker Otolithes ruber (Schneader) (sic) in the Shatt Al-Arab Estuary, Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):1-18.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N. A. 2001. Stock assessment of hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha in the Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):1-9.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N. A. 2002. Stock condition of large-scale tongue sole, Cynoglossus arel in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 17(1):1-12.

Mohamed, A. R. M. and Barak, N. A. 1988. Seasonal variations in some limnological features of the Garma Marshes. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1):56-63.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Barak, N. A. 1988. The growth and conditions of cyprinid fish, Barbus sharpeyi Gunther in Al-Hammar marsh, Basrah, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 2:17-23.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hantoush, A. A., Saleh, J. H. and Abdulkadir, K. H. 2004. The general condition and calorific value of some commercial important fish in northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(1):60-68.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hantoush, A. A., Saleh, J. H. and Abdulkadir, K. H. 2004. The general condition and calorific value of some commercial important fish in northwest Arabian Gulg (sic). Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):227-236.

~Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. (Eds.). 1998. Iraqi marine fisheries. Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Publication 23:120 pp.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussain, N. A. and Ali, T. S. 1995. The possible effects of Saddam River on marine fisheries. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):310-319. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussain, N. A. and Ali, T. S. 1998. Stock assessment of marine fisheries in Iraq (1995-1998). Final Report, Marine Science Centre, Basrah. 64 pp.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussain, N. A. and Ali, T. S. 2001. Estuarine components of the ichthyofauana of the Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(2):209-224.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussain, N. A. and Mahdi, A. A. 2001. The population parameters of Sardinella sirm (Walbaum, 1792) in the Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):175-190.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Jabir, A. A. 2002. Stock assessment of Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) in the Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamia, 17(1):261-283. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Mutlak, F. M. 2004. Food habit of Upeneus sulphureus in Iraqi marine waters, north west Arabian Gulf/Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(1):171-187. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Mutlak, F. M. 2004. Reproductive biology of Saurida tumbil and Upeneus sulphureus in Iraqi marine waters, north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):335-353. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Mutlak, F. M. 2005. The ecology, fishery and stock assessment of Saurida tumbil in Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(2):317-346. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Saleh, J. H. 1998a. The ecology, growth and stock assessment of Liza carinata in north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamia, 13(1):201-220. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Saleh, J. H. 1998b. The biology of green back grey mullet Liza subviridis in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamia, 13(2):375-386.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Hussein, S. A. and Saleh, J. H. 2000. Food habits of Liza carinata in northwest of Arabian Gulf/Iraq. Marina Mesopotamia, 15(1):275-284. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M., Mutlak, F. M. and Saleh, J. H. 2003. Food habit of Sillago sihama (Froskal (sic), 1775 in Iraqi marine waters northwest of Arabian Gulf/Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 18(1):35-42. In Arabic.

Mohamed, A. R. M. and Saleh, J. H. 2000. Some aspects of the biology of Upeneus sulphureus in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):581-592. In Arabic.

Mohamed, E. T. 1989. Study on parasites of the stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) (Bloch, 1879) from Al-Hammar marsh, Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 103 pp.

Mohamed, M. B. M. 1965. Preliminary observations on some chemico-physical features of the Shatt Al-Arab estuary. Proceedings of the Iraqi Science Society, 6:34-40.

Mohamed, M-B. M. 1966. Further observations on some environmental conditions of Shatt Al-Arab. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 1(1965):71-79.

Mohammed, A. R. M. 2007. Analysis of the fisheries of the Euphrates River, west Qurna, Basrah, Iraq. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Mohammad, M.-B. M. 1990. Revival of a river? Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, Environmental Science and Engineering and Toxic and Hazardous Substance Control, 25(8):913-926.

Mohamed, M. H. 1997. The biology of Cynoglossus arel (Schneider, 1801) and Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822) in the northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 90 pp. In Arabic.

~Mohamed-Ali, N. R., Balasem, A. N., Salih, A. M. and Waheed, I. K. 1999. Observations on the parasitic fauna in Al-Zaafaraniyah fish farm, south of Baghdad. The Veterinarian, 9(2):79-88.

Mohammadian, H. 1999. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Sepehr Publications Center, Tehran. vii + 178 pp. In Farsi.

Mohammed, M. H. 1997. Biological studies on two flatfishes Cynoglossus arel and Pseudorhombus arsius in Shatt Al-Arab estuary. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 90 pp.

Mohammed, S. T. 1987. Osteological and histological study for some member (sic) of the family Cyprinidae. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 140 pp., 5 pp., 59 figs.

Mohsen, Z. H., Ouda, N. A. and Zaiya, H. H. 1989. Predatory efficiency and tolerance of Gambusia affinis to mosquito larvicides. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):527-536.

Molavi, A. 2003. Iraq's Eden: reviving the legendary marshes. National Geographic News, 2003/05/01, 2pp. (http://news.nationalgeographic.com).

Moravec, F., Ali, N. M. and Abul-Eis, E. S. 1991. Observations on two Rhabdochona species (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from freshwater fishes in Iraq, including description of R. similis sp. n. Folia Parasitologica, 38(3):235-243.

Moravec, F. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1993. Pericardium of Garra rufa (Pisces: Cyprinidae) as the site of infection of Cucullanus larvae (Nematoda). Folia Parasitologica, 40(2):145-156.

Morgan, G. R. 1985a. Assessment of sheim (Acanthopagrus latus) in Kuwait waters, p. 116-124. In: Mathews, C. P. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 1984 Shrimp and Fin Fisheries Management Workshop. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Report No. KISR1862.

Morgan, G. R. 1985b. Stock assessment of the pomfret (Pampus argenteus) in Kuwait waters. Journal du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 42(1):3-10.

Morozova, G. S. 2005. A review of Holocene avulsions of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and possible effects on the evolution of civilizations in lower Mesopotamia. Geoarchaeology, 20(4):401-423.

Morris, M. E. 1992. Poisoned wells: the politics of water in the Middle East. Middle East Insight, 8(2):35-39.

Mossanen, D. L. 2002. Harem. Scribner Paperback Fiction, New York. 378 pp. Motabar, M. 1978. Larvivorous fish, Gambusia affinis - a review. World Health Organization, Vector Biology and Control, WHO/VBC/78.703:5 pp.

Mudar, K. 1982. Early Dynastic III animal utilization in Lagash: A report on the fauna of Tell Al-Hiba. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 41(1):23-34.

Muhsin, K. A. 1987. The effect of food supply on the weight and chemical composition of female Aphanius dispar. Marina Mesopotamica, 2(1):57-64.

~Muhsin, K. A. 1988a. Annual cycle and body composition of female Liza subviridis from Khor Al-Zubair northwest of Arabian Gulf, p. 511-523. In: Oceanography of Khor Al-Zubair. University of Basrah Press, Basrah.

Muhsin, K. A. 1988b. Annual cycle and body composition of female Liza subviridis from Khor Al-Zubair, north west Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 3(2):125-137.

Muhsin, K. A. and Al-Ta'ee, A. W. 1990. Annual cycle and body composition of female Barbus sharpeyi from Al-Hammar Marsh, south Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(2):213-226.

Munro, D. C. and Touron, H. 1997. The estimation of marshland degradation in southern Iraq using multitemporal Landsat TM images. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 18(7):1597-1606.

Murdy, E. O. 1989. A taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the Oxudercine gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae). Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 11:1-93.

Mutashar, W. R. 2005. Analysis of mechanisms used in marshes drainage (an attempt for possible exploitation and investment). Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):183-196. In Arabic.

Mutasher, W. R. 2007. The tidal influence of Shatt Al-Arab on the Hor Al-Hammar waters. The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Mutlak, S. M., Hamdi, Y. A., Bakal, N. T. and Al-Gazzaly, M. R. 1980. Bacterial pollution of the Tigris River in Baghdad area. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 12(2):61-70.

Mutlak, S. M., Salih, B. M. and Tawfiq, S. J. 1980. Quality of Tigris River water passing through Baghdad for irrigation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 13(1):9-16.

Muus, B. J. and Dahlstrøm, P. 1999. Freshwater Fish. Scandinavian Fishing Yearbook, Hedehusene, Denmark. New Edition, Re-edited by C. Coyne-Boragine, C. Frimodt, S. Skydsgaard, S. Weiss and E. Mogensen. 224 pp.

Myers, G. S. 1960. Preface to any future classification of the cyprinid fishes of the genus Barbus. Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin, 7(4):212-215.

Myers, G. S. 1965. Gambusia, the fish destroyer. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 13(5):31-32, 53-54.

Na'ama, A. K. 1982. Some biological aspects of two freshwater fishes, Liza abu (Heckel) and Mugil dussumieri (Val. and Cuv.) (Fam. Mugilidae) from the Hor al-Hammar, north Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 161 pp. In Arabic.

Naama, A. K., Ahmed, H. A. and Al-Adhub, A. H. Y. 1986. Aspects of reproduction of the mullet Liza abu (Heckel)(Pisces, Mugilidae) in Al-Hammar Marsh, Iraq. Cybium, 10(1):47-55.

Na'ama, A. K. and Al-Hassan, L. A. J. 1989. Note on the potential brood size of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) collected from Iraq and Egypt (Pisces). Bolletino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino, 7(1):117-123.

Naama, A. K., Hussain, N. A. and Jabir, M. K. 1994. On the reproductive biology of the greenback grey mullet Liza subviridis (Val.) in the northwest coast of the Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(1)(1992):75-92.

Naama, A. K. and Muhsen, K. A. 1986. Feeding periodicites (sic) of the mugilid Liza abu (Heckel) and cyprinid Carasobarbus luteus (Heckel) from Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33(3):347-350.

Na’ama, A. K. and Yousif, U. H. 1988. Some observation on spawning habits and fecundity of Arius thalassinus (Rupp). in Khor Al-Zubair, Northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(1):26-30.

Na’ama, A. K., Yousif, U. H. and Hussain, N. A. 1989. Age, growth and food of Arius thalassinus (Rupp) from Khor Al-Zubair Northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 4(1):129-142. In Arabic.

Nader, I. A. and Jawdat, S. 1977a. First records of fishes from Iraqi waters. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science of Riyadh University, 8:429-443.

Nader, I. A. and Jawdat, S. Z. 1977b. New records of fishes from Iraq. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 8:73-87.

Naff, T. and Matson, R. C. (Eds.). 1984. Water in the Middle East. Conflict or Cooperation? Westview Press, Boulder and London. xvii + 236 pp.

Najafpour, N. 1994. Be familiar with fishes of Khuzestan. 2 Mahi hemri Barbus luteus (Heckel, 1843). Gozaresh Elmi (Scientific Report of the Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization), 1(2):7. In Farsi.

Najafpour, N. 1997. Identification of some freshwater fishes of Khuzestan Province. Fisheries Research Centre of Khuzestan Province, Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organisation, Tehran. vi + 96 pp., 4 plates. In Farsi.

Najafpour, N. 2001. Diversity of fresh-water fishes of Khuzestan. The 10th European Congress of Ichthyology ECI X, Programme & Book of Abstracts, Prague, Czech Republic, September 3-7, 2001. p. 40.

Najafpour, N. 2002. Freshwater fishes of Khuzestan Province, I. R. Iran. Freshwater Biological Association Annual Scientific Meeting & Training Seminar, 4-6 September 2002, University of Durham, "Freshwater in the Landscape" (title).

Najafpour, N. 2003. Freshwater fishes of Khuzestan Province (Part II). Fisheries Research Centre of Khuzestan Province, Iranian Fisheries Research Organisation, Tehran.49 pp.

Najafpour, N. and Coad, B. W. 2002. Ichthyootoxism in Barbus luteus from Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 26:129-131.

Najafpour, N., Eskandary, G., Nikpay, M. and Al-Mukhtar, M. 1997. Fresh water fishes of Khuzestan area. Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 64.

Najafpour, N. and Sabet, H. R. A. 2002. Distribution of Cobitidae family in Iran. II International Conference, Loaches of the Genus Cobitis and Related Genera. Biology, Systematics, Genetics, Distribution, Ecology, Conservation. September 09-13, 2002, Olsztyn, Poland (title).

Nalbant, T. 1963. A study of the genera of Botiinae and Cobitinae (Pisces, Ostariophysi, Cobitidae). Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle "Grigore Antipa", Bucurešti, 4:343-379.

Nalbant, T. T. 1993. Some problems in the systematics of the genus Cobitis and its relatives (Pisces. Ostariophysi, Cobitidae). Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Biologie Animale, 38(2):101-110.

Nalbant, T. T. 1994. Studies on loaches (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Cobitidae). I. An evaluation of the valid genera of Cobitinae. Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle "Grigore Antipa", Bucurešti, 34:375-380.

Nalbant, T. T. 1998. The presence of the genus Schistura (Pisces: Ostariophysi: Nemacheilidae) in Tigris drainage, western Asia. The description of a new species. Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle "Grigore Antipa", Bucurešti, 40:371-375.

Nalbant, T. and Bianco, P. G. 1997. The loaches of Iran (Cobitidae). Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 64.

Nalbant, T. T. and Bianco, P. G. 1998. The loaches of Iran and adjacent regions with description of six new species (Cobitoidea). Italian Journal of Zoology, 65 (Supplement):109-123. (Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI-9) "Fish Biodiversity" organised in Naples at the University Federico II and held in Trieste - Italy, 24-30 August 1997).

Nasir, A. M. 2000. Accumulated effect of Basrah crude oil on some biochemical parameters in goldfishes Carassius auratus. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 73 pp. In Arabic.

Nasir, N. A. 2000. The food and feeding relationships of the fish communities in the inshore waters of Khor Al-Zubair, North-west Arabian Gulf. Cybium, 24(1):89-99.

Nasir, N. A. and Na’ama, A. K. 1988. Liza abu Heckel, 1843 (Pisces, Mugilidae): a new record from Khor Al-Zubair, North-west of the Arabian Gulf. Mahasagar. 21(2):113-115.

Nasir, N. A., Naama, A. K. and Al-Saboonchi, A. 1989. The distribution, length-weight relationships, food and feeding of the cyprinid fish Barbus sharpeyi from Al-Hammar Marsh, Iraq. Fisheries Research, 7(1-2):175-181.

Nasrallah, H. A. and Balling, R. C. 1993. Spatial and temporal analysis of Middle Eastern temperature changes. Climatic Change, 25(2):153-161.

NEDECO. 1958. Study of the Navigation in Tigris River between Baghdad and Mosul. NEDECO, Netherlands Engineering Consultants, The Hague. 47 pp., 3 annexes, 16 figs., 11 maps.

Neema, A. K. 1982. Some biological aspects of two freshwater fishes: Liza abu (Heckel) and Mugil dussumieri (Val. and Cuv.) (species Mugilidae) from Hor -Al-Hammar marsh - north Basrah, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 161 pp.

Neghamish, R. Gh. and Ali, S. A. 2005. Study of the physical and chemical properties of water, sediments and soil of Thi Qar marshes. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):67-80. In Arabic.

Nelson, G. and McCarthy, L. 1995. Two new species of gizzard shads of the genus Nematalosa (Teleostei, Clupeidae, Dorosomatinae) from the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 41(4):379-383.

Nelson, J. S. 1991. Comments on the proposed precedence of Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 48(4):335.

Nelson J. S. 1994. Fishes of the World. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. xvii + 600 pp.

Nelson, J. S. 2006. Fishes of the World. Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. xix + 601 pp.

Nelva, A. Collares-Pereira, M-J. et Coelho, M. 1988. Systematique et repartition du genre Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 113(1):93-112.

Neumann, H. 1953. Die physisch-geographischen Grundlagen der künstlichen Bewässerung des Iran und Irak. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Instituts für Länderkunde, Leipzig, 12:4-46.

Neumann, J. 1993. Climatic changes in Europe and the Near East in the second millennium BC. Climatic Change, 23:231-245.

Neumann, J. and Parpola, S. 1983. Wind vanes in ancient Mesopotamia about 2000-1500 B.C. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 64(10):1141-1143.

Neumann, J. and Sigrist, R. M. 1978. Harvest dates in ancient Mesopotamia as possible indicators of climatic variations. Climatic Change, 1:239-252; Addendum, pp. 253-256.

Ng, P. K. L. and Lim, K. K. P. 1991. Comment on the proposed precedence of Homalopteridae Bleeker, 1859 over Balitoridae Swainson, 1839 (Osteichthyes, Cypriniformes). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 48(2):148-150.

Niazi, A. D. 1966. Intrapopulational variation within Typhlogarra widdowsoni Trewavas (Cyprinidae) with some observations on their behaviour. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 1(1965):45-54.

Niazi, A. D. 1967. A comparative study of the Weberian apparatus in four species of Barbus (Cyprinidae). Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 3:56-79.

Niazi, A. D. 1976. The Weberian system of Mystus pelusius (Solander) and Mystus colvilli (Gunther), Siluriformes. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Center, Baghdad, 7(1):42-90.

Niazi, A. D., Qasim, H. H. and Shalli, M. R. 1976. The comparative osteology of the osteocranium of Garra rufa (Heckel) & G. variabilis (Heckel). Bulletin of the Natural History Research Center, Baghdad, 7(1):110-126.

Nicholson, E. and Clark, P. (Eds.). 2002. The Iraqi Marshlands. A Human and Environmental Study. The AMAR International Charitable Foundation, London and Politico's Publishing, London. xv + 332 pp.

Nikpay, M., Marashi, S. Z. and Moazedi, J. 1992. Survey of the biological features of Barbus sharpeyi and B. grypus. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization Publications, Tehran. ix + 124 pp. In Farsi.

Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M. and Revenga, C. 2005. Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems. Science, 308(5720):405-408.

Nomas, H. B. 1988. The Water Resources of Iraq: An Assessment. Ph.D. Thesis, Social Science Faculty, University of Durham. xxiv + 486 pp.

Nomas, H. B. 2005. The potential water supply for the rehabilitation in the southern marshes of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 20(1):105-126. In Arabic.

North, A. 1993. Saddam's water war. Geographical Magazine, 65(7):10-14.

Nützel, W. 1975. The formation of the Arabian Gulf from 14000 B.C. I. II. The postglacial climatic optimum and the possible flooding of south Mesopotamia. Sumer, 31(1 & 2):101-110.

Nützel, W. 1976. The climate changes of Mesopotamia and bordering areas 14 000 to 2 000 B.C. Sumer, 32:11-25.

Oberlander, T. M. 1968. Hydrography, pp. 264-279. In: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 1. The Land of Iran. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xix + 784 pp.

Ochsenschlager, E. L. 2004. Iraq's Marsh Arabs in the Garden of Eden. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. x + 285 pp.

Oliva, O. and Holčík, J. 1977. The hundredth anniversary of the birth of Academician L. S. Berg (1876-1950). Folia Zoologica, Prague, 26(1):93-95.

Oosterbroek, P. and Arntzen, J. W. 1992. Area-cladograms of circum-Mediterranean taxa in relation to Mediterranean palaeogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 19:3-20.

Opuszynski, K. and Shireman, J. V. 1995. Herbivorous fishes. Culture and Use for Weed Management. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 223 pp.

Orian, Sh., Seifabady, J. and Jamily, Sh. 1993. Influence of salinity upon growth rate and tolerance of Barbus sharpeyi. Iranian Fisheries Bulletin, (2):45-55, 5-6. In Farsi.

Otero, O. 2001. The oldest-known cyprinid fish of the Afro-Arabic Plate, and its paleobiogeographical implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(2):386-388.

Oymak, S. A. 2000. Atatürk Baraj Golü'nde Yasayan Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843)'un Büyüme Ozellikleri (The growth characteristics of Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843) in Atatürk Dam Lake (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 24(supplement):41-50.

Oymak, S. A., Solak, K. and Ünlü, E. 2001. Some biological characteristics of Silurus triostegus Heckel, 1843 from Atatürk Dam lake (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 25(2):139-148.

Ozan, S., Gürsu, M. F., Sarieyyüpoğlu, M. and Gülen, Ş. 1993. Su Kirlenmesinin Elazığ Keban Baraj Gölündeki Capoeta Trutta Türü Balıkların Değişik Organlarındaki Arginaz Aktivitelerine Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 18:7-10.

Özdemir, N. 1987. Gesamtkörpergewicht und Schlachtkörpergewicht von Barbus esocinus im Euphrat. Fischer & Teichwirt, 1987(3):71-72.

Özdemir, N. and Kabukçu, M. A. 1982. Keban Baraj Gölünde Bulunan Capoete (sic) trutta (Heckel, 1843)'nin Boy-Ağırlık Ilişkisi, Kondisyon Faaktörü ve Üreme Periyodu Üzerine Araştirmalar. Firat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1-2):139-150.

Özdemir, N. and Şen, D. 1986. Age determination by scale, vertebra and operculum of Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann, 1840) in the Euphrates. Journal of Fırat University, Elazığ, 1(1):101-111.

Özdilek, Ş. Y. 2003. Occurrence of the abu mullet, Liza abu (Heckel, 1843)(Pisces, Mugilidae), in the Orontes River. Zoology in the Middle East, 30:111-113.

Öztaş, H.1988. Müceldi Suyu'nda (Doğu Anadolu) Yaşayan Tatlısu Kefali [Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758)] Populasyonunda Mevsimsel Kondüsyon Faktörü Değişimleri Üzerine Araştırmalar (Studies on the seasonal condition factor variations of chub (Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758) population in Müceldi stream in east Anatolien (sic)). Doğa Türk Zooloji Dergisi, 12(3):256-261.

Öztaş, H. 1989.A study the reproduction biology of chub (Leuciscus cephalus L., 1758)) in Müceldi stream in east Anatolien (sic). Doğa Türk Veterinerlik Hayvancılık Dergisi, 13(2):171-179.

Öztaş, H. and Solak, K. 1988.Müceldi Suyu'nda (Doğu Anadolu) Yaşayan Tatlısu Kefalinin [Leuciscus Cephalus (sic) (L., 1758)] Büyüme Özellikleri ve Eşem Oranları (The growth and sexual rates of chub [Leuciscus cephalus (L., 1758)] living in the Müceldi stream in east Anatolien (sic)).Doğa Türk Zooloji Dergisi, 12(3):262-271.

Palicka, J. 1996. The spined loach, Cobitis taenia. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 45(4)(490):82, 84.

Pankow, H. and Huq, M. F. 1979. Diatoms in the stomach content of Pseudapocryptes dentatus a mudskipper from the Shatt-al-Arab estuary (Iraq). Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Wilhelm-Pieck-Universität Rostock, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, 28(6):547-554.

Parenti, L. R. 1981. A phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 168(4):335-557.

Parenti, L. R. 1984. A taxonomic revision of the Andean killifish genus Orestias (Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 178(2):107-214.

Parker, A. and Kornfield, I. 1995. Molecular perspective on evolution and zoogeography of cyprinodontid killifishes (Teleostei; Atherinomorpha). Copeia, 1995(1):8-21.

Parsamanesh, A., Eskandari, G., Kashi, M. T. and Shalbaf, M. R. 2001. Stock assessment of Khuzestan marine fishes (final report). Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran. 72 pp. In Farsi.

Parsamanesh, A., Shalbaf, M. and Najafpour, N. 1998. status of Pampus argenteus fisheries in Khoozestan waters (north-west Persian Gulf), I. R. Iran. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 68(4):407-409.

Partow, H. 2001. The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem. Early Warning and Assessment Technical Report, Division of Early Warning and Assessment, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, UNEP/DEWA/TR.01-3 Rev.1:x + 47 pp. (www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/tigris/marshlands).

Partow, H. 2005. High-level Meeting on the Restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands and the Marine Environment. Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Safat, Kuwait and Geneva. 39 pp.

Patterson, A. 1915. Analysis of the Palace of Senacherib, King of Assyria, B.C. 705-681. Assyrian Sculpture. Palace of Senacherib. H. Nijhoff, The Hague. 14 pp.

Pazira, A., Abdoli, A., Kouhgardi, E. and Yousefifard, P. 2005. Age structure and growth of the Mesopotamian spiny eel, Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander in Russell, 1974) (sic) (Mastacembelidae), in southern Iran. Zoology in the Middle East, 35:43-47.

Pearce, F. 1993. Draining life from Iraq's marshes. New Scientist, 138(1869):11-12.

Pearce, F. 2001. Iraqi wetlands face total destruction. New Scientist, 170(2291):4-5.

Pellegrin, J. 1928. Les poissons des eaux douces d'Asie-Mineure. J.-B. Baillière et Fils, Paris (Extrait du tome second et dernier du Voyage zoologique d'Henri Gadeau de Kerville en Asie-Mineure (Avril-Mai 1912)). 134 pp., 2 pls.

Pelz, G. R. 1987. Der Giebel: Carassius auratus gibelio oder Carassius auratus auratus? Natur und Museum, 117(4):118-129.

Perdices, A. and Doadrio, I. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the genera Cobitis and Sabanejewia (Cobitidae) based on allozyme data. Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 71.

Perdices, A. and Doadrio, I. 2001. The molecular systematics and biogeography of the European cobitids based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 19(3):468-478.

Perry, C. 1998. Medieval Arab fish: fresh, dried and dyed, p. 229-233. In: Walker, H. (Ed.). Fish. Food from the Waters. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1997. Prospect Books, Totnes, Devon. 335 pp.

Peters, N. und Peters, G. 1965. Die Degeneration der Augen von Typhlogarra widdowsoni (Cyprinidae, Pisces). Wilhelm Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, 156(3):344-362.

Peyghan, R. 1994. Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis in Barbus sharpeyi in Khouzestan Province. Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal, 3(2):17-24, 2. In Farsi.

Philby, H. St. J. 1959. The eastern marshes of Mesopotamia. Geographical Journal, 125(1):65-69.

Phillips, T. 1985. My experience with Aphanius mento. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 18(2):52.

Piasecki, W., Khamees, N. R. and Mhaisen, F. T. 1991. A new species of Mugilicola Tripathi, 1960 (Crustacea) Copepoda, Therodamasidae) parasitic on Iraqi fish. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 21(2):143-151.

Pietschmann, V. 1912. Eine neue Mugil-Art aus dem Schatt el Arab. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 49(17):268-270.

Pietschmann, V. 1913. Eine neue Glyptosternum-Art aus dem Tigris. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 50(8):93-95.

Pietschmann, V. 1933. Drei neue Fischarten (Cypriniden) aus Kleinasien. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 70:21-23.

Pietschmann, V. 1940. Durch Kurdische Berge und Armenische Städte. Tagebuch der Österreichischen Armenienerpedition 1914. Adolf Luser Verlag, Wien. 400 pp.

Pillay, S. R. 1972. A bibliography of the grey mullets Family Mugilidae. Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Technical Paper, 19:v + 99 pp.

Pillay, S. R. and Rosa, H. 1963. Synopsis of biological data on hilsa Hilsa ilisha (Hamilton) 1822. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Biology Synopsis, 25:iv + 61 pp.

Plaut, I. 1999. Effects of salinity on swimming performance, routine activity and resting metabolic rate on the euryhaline killifish, Aphanius dispar. Poster presented at the Fifth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Calgary, Alberta, 23-28 August 1999.

Polat, N. and Gümüş, A. (K.). 1995. Age determination and evaluation of precision using five bony structures of the brond-snout (sic) (Chondrostoma regium Heckel, 1843). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 19(4):331-335.

Polat, N., Gümüş, A. and Kandemir, S. 1999. Kababurun baliğı (Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843))'nda yaş halkasıoluşumu [Annulus formation in Tigris-nase (Chondrostoma regium (Heckel, 1843))]. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23, supplement 3:959-964.

Polservice Consulting Engineers. 1983. State and prospective of fisheries in Tharthar, Habaniya and Razzazah lakes. Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad. 157 pp.

Półtorak, T., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Horizontal distribution of zooplankton in lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):111-126.

Półtorak, T., Rybak, J. I., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Seasonal change and vertical distribution of pelagic zooplankton in lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):93-109.

Por, F. D. 1975. An outline of the zoogeography of the Levant. Zoologica Scripta, 4:5-20.

Por, F. D. 1987. The Levantine landbridge: historical and present patterns, p. 23-28. In: Krupp, F., Schneider, W. and Kinzelbach, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz, 1985. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), 28, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, 338 pp.

Por, F. D. and Dimentman, Ch. 1989. The Legacy of Tethys. An Aquatic Biogeography of the Levant. Monographiae Biologicae, 63:xi + 214 pp.

Post, A. 1965. Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Chromosomenzahlen bei Süβwasser-Teleosteern. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 3:47-93.

Prazak, J. 1978. The development of the Mesopotamian basin during the Miocene. Journal of the Geological Society of Iraq, 11:170-189.

Prosek, J. 2003. Trout of the World. Stewart, Tabori and Chang, New York. 223 pp.

Proudlove, G. S. 1997a. A synopsis of the hypogean fishes of the world. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland, August 1997, 3:351-354.

Proudlove, G. S. 1997b. The conservation status of hypogean fishes. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology, La Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland, August 1997, 3:355-358.

Proudlove, G. S. 2001. The conservation status of hypogean fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 62(1-3):201-213.

Proudlove, G. S. 2006. Subterranean Fishes of the World. An account of the subterranean (hypogean) fishes described up to 2003 with a bibliography 1541-2004. International Society for Subterranean Biology, Moulis. xviii + 300 pp.

Pyka, J., Bartel, R., Szczerbowski, J. A., and Epler, P. 2001. Reproduction of gattan (Barbus xanthopterus Heckel), shabbout (Barbus grypus Heckel) and bunni (Barbus sharpeyi Gunther) and rearing stocking material of these species. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):235-246.

Pyke, G. H. 2005. A review of the biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15:339-365.

Qasim, H. H. and Niazi, A. D. 1975. The osteology of Barbus xanthopterus & B. sharpeyi with special reference to their lateral-line system (Cyprinidae). Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, Baghdad, 6(1):73-77.

Ráb, P., Karakousis, Y. and Peios, C. 1994. Karyotype of Silurus aristotelis with reference to the cytotaxonomy of the genus Silurus (Pisces, Siluridae). Folia Zoologia, Prague, 43(1):75-81.

Radcliffe, W. 1926. Fishing from the Earliest Times. Second Edition. E. P. Dutton, New York. xxi + 494 pp.

Radda, A. 1972. Die Gattung Aphanius NARDO - eine Synopsis. Aquaria, St. Gallen, 19(1):125-129; (6):141-150.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1975. Studies on the parasites of certain teleostean fishes from the river Tigris, Mosul, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Science, University of Mosul. 136 pp.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1976. Unicauda lumae sp. n. (Myxosporidia: Myxobolidae) from a fresh water fish, Barbus grypus Heckel, from River Tigris in Iraq. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 51(1):1-5.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1977. Recording of two new hosts of Lamproglena pulchella Nordmann, 1832 (Crustacea) in Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Biological Science, 5:82-83.

Rahemo, Z. 1978. Rhabdocona tigrae sp. n. (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) described from a freshwater fish, Varicorhinus trutta Heckel, from river Tigris, Iraq. Acta Parasitologica Polonica, 25(29):247-251.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1980. Diplozoon kasimii new species from a freshwater teleost fish, Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel. Bulletin of he Biological Research Centre, University of Baghdad, 12(1):109-114.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1982. Two new species of Ergasilus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from the gills of two Iraqi freshwater fishes. Bulletin of the Basrah Natural History Museum, 5:39-59.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1989. The parasites of the Iraqi spinybacks Mastacembelus simach (Walbaum, 1792). Second Science Conference Fisheries and Marine Research, Basrah, 16-17 May 1989 (abstract).

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1990. Cystibranchus mastacembeli (Annelida: Hirudinea) from the Iraqi freshwater spinyback, Mastacembelus simach (sic) (Walbaum, 1792). Rivista di Parassitologia, 6(1)(1989):121-126.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1992. A proteocephalid cysticercoid from a freshwater fish, Acanthobrama marmid Heckel, 1843. Rivista di Parassitologia, 9(3):345-351.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1995. Studies on the parasites of Garra rufa Heckel, 1843 (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Rivista di Parassitologia, 12(2):273-278.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1997. The histopathology of two protozoan parasites in the gills of a freshwater fish. Rivista di Parassitologia, 14(2):227-301.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Din, N. 1995. The histopathology caused by two nematode larvae in two species of fishes. Acta Parasitologica Turcica, 19(4):571-575.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Din, N. 1999. A first report of nematode larvae in Iraqi fishes. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 23(1):111-113.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Kallak, S. N. H. 1993. A new record of caryophyllaeid cestode Khawia armeniaca, from Iraq. Acta Parasitologica Turcica, 17(2):74-78.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Naeime, B. S. 1998. Parasites of the freshwater fish, Silurus glanis, captured from Tigris River, Mosul, Iraq. Third International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health, August 30-September 3, 1998, Baltimore, USA (title).

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Naemi, B. 1998. Megamonostomella rashediansis gen. n. sp. n. from a freshwater fish, Silurus glanis L., p. 685-688. In: Tada, I., Kojima, S. and Tsuji, M. (Eds.). ICOPA IX: Ninth International Congress of Parasitology, 24-28 August 1998, Makuhari Messe, Chiba, Japan. Monduzzi Editore, Bologna. 1314 pp.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Neemi, B. H. S. 1999. Observations on the histopathology caused by some parasites of the freshwater fish, Silurus glanis. Rivista di Parassitologia, 16(3):227-235.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Niaeemi, B. 1998. Megastomella rashediansis gen. n. sp n. (Trematoda: Cryptogonimidae) from a freshwater fish, Silurus glanis in Iraq. Parasitology International, 47(supplement 1):146.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Niaeemi, B. H. S. 2001. A new cestode species from a freshwater catfish. Rivista di Parassitologia, 18(1):71-74.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Al-Nouri, A. A. 1999. Effect of Ligula intestinalis on gonad histology of Acanthobrama marmid Heckel, 1843. Rivista di Parassitologia, 16(3):237-241.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Ami, S. N. 1992. Parasitic helminths of some teleost fishes in Neinava, Iraq. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 33(3):1-7.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Ami, S. N. 1993. Parasites of Alburnus capito (Heckel, 1843) in River Tigris, northern Iraq. Dirasat, Pure and Applied Sciences, B20(9):21-31. In Arabic.

Rahemo, Z. I. F., Hamdi, B. A., Al-Khateeb, I. A. M. and Aziz, F. M. 2006. Histological changes in the liver of the freshwater fish, Leuciscus cephalus caught from Serchinar Stream, infected with Contracaecum larvae. Rivista di Parassitologia, 22(3):185-190.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Kasim, M. H. 1979. Two new species of the Rhabdocona Railliet, 1916 (Rhabdochonidae) from a fresh water fish Cyprinion macrostomus Heckel, from Iraq. Japanese Journal of Parasitology, 28(6):371-376.

~Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Mohammad, S. A. 1995. The histopathology of the larval cucullanid nematode in heart of Garra rufa Heckel. Acta Parasitologia Turcica, 19(1):144-150.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Mohammad, S. A. 2002. Khawia barbi sp. n. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidae) from the common freshwater fish, Barbus luteus from River Tigris, Mosul, Iraq. 27th World Veterinary Congress, September 25-29, 2002, Tunis (abstract 95).

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Mohammad, S. A. 2003. Khawia barbi sp. n. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidae) from the common freshwater fish, Barbus luteus from River Tigris, Mosul, Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 19(3):189-192.

Rahemo, Z. I. F. and Mohammad, S. A. 2004. Four species of monozoic cestodes from the intestine of cyprinid fishes in Iraq. Dirasat, Medical and Biological Sciences, 31(2):149-155.

Rahim, S. A., Bhatnagar, A. N., Memon, A. N. and Alsaraj, A. 1973. Water pollution by tannery wastes: the possible cause of mass killing of fish at Mosul, Iraq. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 8(2):211-218.

Rainboth, W. J. 1981. Systematics of the Asiatic barbins (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan. ix + 253 pp.

Ramzy, H. 2001. Shatt Al Arab River Marsh Drainage. National Scientific and Technical Information Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.

Randall, J. E. 1995a. Ilisha compressa, a new species of clupeid fish from the Persian Gulf. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42(4)(1994):893-899.

Randall, J. E. 1995b. Coastal Fishes of Oman. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu. xvi + 439 pp.

Randall, J. E., Allen, G. R. and Smith-Vaniz, W. F. 1978. Illustrated Identification Guide to Commercial Fishes. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Regional Fishery Survey and Development Project, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. FI: DP/RAB/71/278/3:v + 1-221.

Randerson, J. 2003. Iraqis reclaim their ancient wetlands. New Scientist, 180(2415):6-7.

Rashan, L. J., Gorgees, N. S. and Rahemo, Z. I. F. 1987. The cyst wall of Unicauda laumae Rahemo (Myxosporidia: Myxobolidae) from the liver of Barbus grypus Heckel. Current Science, Lahore, 56(18):958-959.

Rasheed, A. and Salih, M. M. 1988. Preliminary study on the parasites of some freshwater fish from upper Zab, northern Iraq. First Scientific Conference of the University of Salahaddin, Erbil, 29 November - 1 December (abstract).

Rasheed, A.-R. A.-M. 1989. First record of Diplozoon barbi Reichenbach-Klinke, 1951 from some freshwater fishes from Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 2(3):5-15.

~Rasheed, K. A., Sabri, A. W., Al-Lami, A. A., Kassim, T. I. 2001. Distribution of heavy metals in water, suspended particles, sediments, fishes and aquatic plants in River Tigris, Iraq. Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, 3(1):198–209.

Rashid, A.-R. A., Othman, H. and Nsayf, Z. M. 1989. Preliminary study on some freshwater fish parasites from Little Zab, north east of Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):107-114. In Arabic.

Rashid, K. H. 1994. Histological changes in the ovarian stages of Liza abu (Heckel). Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):167-177.

Rauchenberger, M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). American Museum Novitates, 2951:74 pp.

Rawi, A. H. A., Obaidi, S. and Zaki, S. 1975. Preliminary list of fishes from the Little Zab River. Iraqi Science Conference, pp. 1-7 (abstract).

Reid, G. Mc. 1982. The form, function and phylogenetic significance of the vomero-palatine organ in cyprinid fishes. Journal of Natural History, 16(4):497-510.

Reiss, P., Richardson, C., Alwash, A. and Pool, D. 2003. Strategies for assisting the marsh dwellers and restoring the marshlands in southern Iraq. Interim status report. Bureau for Asia and the Near East, Integrated Water and Coastal Resources Management Project, U.S. Agency for International Development. viii + 62 pp.

Relyea, K. 1981. Inshore Fishes of the Arabian Gulf. George Allen & Unwin, London. 149 pp.

Richardson, C. 2005. Ecological assessment of the restoration status of the Mesopotamian Marshes of Iraq. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Richardson, C. J. and Hussain, N. A. 2006. Restoring the Garden of Eden: An ecological assessment of the marshes of Iraq. BioScience, 56(6):477-489.

Richardson, C. J., Reiss, P., Hussain, N. A., Alwash, A. J. and Pool, D. J. 2005. The restoration potential of the Mesopotamian marshes of Iraq. Science, 307:1307-1311.

Richter, H-J. 1989. Breeding the Persian pupfish, Aphanius mento. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 38(4)(406):10-25.

Ride, W. D. L., Sabrosky, C. W., Bernardi, G. and Melville, R. V. (Eds.). 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Third Edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. xx + 338 pp.

Robalo, J. I., Almada, V. C., Levy, A. and Doadrio, I. 2007. Re-examination and phylogeny of the genus Chondrostoma based on mitochondrial and nuclear data and the definition of 5 new genera. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42(2):362-372.

Roberts, N. 1991. Geopolitics and the Euphrates' water resources. Geography, 76(331):157-159.

Roberts, N. and Wright, H. E. 1993. Vegetational, lake-level, and climatic history of the Near East and Southwest Asia, pp. 194-220. In: Wright, H. E., Kutzbach, J. E., Webb, T., Ruddiman, W. F., Street-Perrott, F. A. and Bartlein, P. J. (Eds.). Global Climates since the Last Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. viii + 569 pp.

Roberts, T. R. 1984. Cobitidae. In: Daget, J., Gosse, J.-P. and Thys van den Audenaerde, D. F. E. (Eds.). Check-list of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa. Paris. 343 pp.

Roberts, T. R. 1994. Systematic revision of Asian bagrid catfishes of the genus Mystus sensu stricto, with a new species from Thailand and Cambodia. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 5(3):241-256.

Robins, C. R., Bailey, R. M., Bond, C. E., Brooker, J. R., Lachner, E. A., Lea, R. N. and Scott, W. B. 1991. World Fishes Important to North Americans Exclusive of Species from the Continental Waters of the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 21:viii + 243 pp.

Rögl, F. 1998. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Annalen des naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 90A:279-310.

Rögl, F. 1999. Oligocene and Miocene palaeogeography and stratigraphy of the circum-Mediterranean region, p. 475-500. In: Whybrow, P. J. and Hill, A. (Eds.). Fossil Vertebrates of Arabia with Emphasis on the Late Miocene Faunas, Geology, and Palaeoenvironments of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Yale University Press, New Haven and London. xxv + 523 pp., 40 pp.

Rögl, F. and Steininger, F. F. 1984. Neogene Paratethys, Mediterranean and Indo-pacific seaways. Implications for the paleobiogeography of marine and terrestrial biotas, pp. 171-200. In: Brenchley, P. J. (Ed.). Fossils and Climate. John Wiley & Sons, New York. xv + 352 pp.

Romero, A. and Green, S. M. 2005. The end of regressive evolution: examining and interpreting the evidence from cave fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 67(1):3-32.

Romero, A. and Paulson, K. M. 2001. It's a wonderful hypogean life: a guide to the troglomorphic fishes of the world. . Environmental Biology of Fishes, 62(1-3):13-41.

Ross, W. 1987. The Arabian killifish. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 36(2)(380):16-19.

Ross, W. 1999. De Arabische tandkarper (Aphanius dispar dispar). Killi-Kontakt, Wommelgem, 27(4):99-102. In Flemish.

Rowley, G. 1993. Multinational and national competition for water in the Middle East: towards the deepening crisis. Journal of Environmental Management, 39(3):187-197.

Rubec, C. and Miquet, C. 2005. Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative (CIMI). Iraq Marshlands Roundtable Meeting, Paris - November 2005. PowerPoint Presentation, 19 pp. (marshlands.unep.or.jp/includes/file.asp?site=marshlands& file=D680A4FD-F3E6-4CA4-BF5D-0306483973CD, downloaded 31 October 2006).

Rudaini, A.-M., Faisal, S., Abu Al-Hani, A., Hassan, A. and Ahmad, S. 1998. Some biological aspects of fishes collected from northren (sic) part of Saddam River. Dirasat Natural and Engineering Sciences, 25(3):553-563.

Rudainy, A. J., Al-Yamour, K. Y., Allous, S. B., Al-Mahdawi, G. J., Ruhaig, A. M. and Abu-Alhini, A. J. 1998. Carp production in a pilot scale running water system. Iraqi Journal of Science, 39(1):1-9.

Russel, A. 1756. An account of four undescribed fishes of Aleppo; in a letter to Mr. Peter Collinson, F.R.S. by Alexander Russel, M.D. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 49:445-449, 1 pl.

Russell, A. 1794. Chap. III. Of Fishes, pp. 207-219, pls. VI-VII. In: Vol. II. The Natural History of Aleppo, containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood together with an account of the climate, inhabitants and diseases; particularly of the plague. Second Edition by P. Russell. London. Volume I:xxiv + 446 pp., Appendix (xxiii) + Errata (1 page); Volume II:v + 430 pp., + Appendix (xxxiv) + Index to both volumes (25 pp., not numbered) + Errata (1 page).

Ryan, S. 1994. Saddam kills off marsh wildlife in eco-disaster. Sunday Times, London, No. 8,852, p. 1.16 (17 April 1994).

Rzóska, J. 1980. Euphrates and Tigris, Mesopotamian ecology and destiny. Monographiae Biologicae, 38:x + 122 pp.

Saad, M. A. H. 1978a. Some limnological studies on the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates, Iraq. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 6(6):529-539.

Saad, M. A. H. 1978b. Seasonal variations of some physico-chemical conditions of Shatt al-Arab estuary, Iraq. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, 6:503-513.

Saad, M. A. H. and Antoine, S. E. 1978a. Limnological studies on the River Tigris, Iraq. I. Environmental characteristics. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 63(5):685-704.

Saad, M. A. H. and Antoine, S. E. 1978b. Limnological studies on the River Tigris, Iraq. II. Seasonal variations of nutrients. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 63(5):705-749.

Saad, M. A. H. and Antoine, S. E. 1978c. Limnological studies on the River Tigris, Iraq. III. Phytoplankton. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 63(6):801-814.

Saad, M. A. H. and Antoine, S. E. 1982. Effect of pollution on phytoplankton in Al-Khandak and Al-Rabat, polluted outlet canals of the Shatt al-Arab estuary at Basrah, Iraq. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 67(3):419-429.

Saad, M. A. H. and Antoine, S. E. 1983. Effect of pollution on phytoplankton in the Ashar Canal, a highly polluted canal of the Shatt al-Arab estuary at Basrah, Iraq. Hydrobiologia, 99:189-196.

Saad, M. A. H. and Kell, V. 1975. Observations on some environmental conditions as well as phytoplankton blooms in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Universität Rostock Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche, 24(6):781-787.

Saad, M. A. H. and Samir, A. E. 1978. Limnological studies on the river Tigris, Iraq. III. Phytoplankton. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie, 63(6):801-814.

Saadati, M. A. G. 1977. Taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater fishes of Iran. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. xiii + 212 pp.

Sabah, Z. 2006. Conflict doesn't stop Iraqi tradition of fish grilling. USA Today, 9/7/2006, 2 pp. (http://usatoday.com).

Sabri, A. W., Maulood, B. K. and Suliaman, N. E. 1989. Limnological studies on River Tigris: some physical and chemical characters. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 20(3):565-579.

Sadeghi, S. N. 2001. Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Southern Iranian Fishes (The Persian Gulf & Oman Sea). Edited by F. Owfi and T. Valinasab. Naghsh-e Mehr Publishing, Tehran. xx + 440 pp. In Farsi.

Sadegi, M. M. 2003. Creating Karkheh. International Water Power & Dam Construction, 55(1):36-37.

Saeed, T., Al-Ghadban, A. N., Al-Shemmari, H., Al-Mutairi, M. and Al-Hashash, H. 1999. Preliminary assessment of the impact of draining of Iraqi marshes on Kuwait's northern marine environment. Part II. Sediment associated pollutants. Water Science and Technology, 40(7):89-98.

Saefali, M. 1999. Comparative morphological and meristic analyses of Lebias (Aphanius) in Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. 206 pp. In Farsi.

Safikhani, H., Nilsaz, M., Sabz-Alizadeh, S. and Esmaeili, F. 1998. Final report of limnological study of Karun River (Bandeghir to Khorramshahr). Iranian Fisheries Research Organization, Tehran. 56 pp. In Farsi.

Sahrhage, D. 1999. Fischfang und Fischkult im alten Mesopotamien. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main. 241 pp.

Sahrhage, D. and Lundbeck, J. 1992. A History of Fishing. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. viii + 348 pp.

Salah, K. E., Abdullah, K. J. and Sulayman, M. N. 1990. The negative effect of cormorant on fish farming in the middle of Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 5(1):145-151. In Arabic.

~Sakleh, K. I. and Suliman, A. 1990. Effect of pond age constructed in salty land on the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) Proceedings of the 3rd Science Conference of Technical Education, Baghdad.

~Salan, N. A., Kitan, S. A., Kamel, F. M., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1991. Transport of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) to coastal ponds in Khor Al-Zubair. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 1:79-95.

~Saleem, K. M. 1991. A study on some nematodes of the freshwater fishes of Tigris River in Mosul and Lake of Saddam Dam. Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 23(3):5-8.

Saleem, S. D., Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Melkonian, M. K.1989. Morphological variance and enzyme heterozygosity in Eleutheronema tetradactylum and Strongylura strongylura collected from Khor al-Zubair area, Basrah, Iraq. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 17(4):341-344.

Saleem, S. D., Al-Hassan, L. A. J. and Melkonian, M. K.1990. The eye lens weight and age in some fish species collected form Basrah waters, Iraq. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference for Computer Science, Social and Demographic Research, Cairo, Egypt, 17-22 March 1990, pp. 17-22.

Saleh, A. A. H. 1997. Evaluation of bacterial content in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and their immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah.

Saleh, J. H. 1997. Biology and stock assessment of mullets Liza carinata (Val. 1836)and Liza subviridis (Val. 1836) in north western Arabian Gulf, Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 76 pp.

Saleh, J. H. 2004. Age and growth of Sillago sihama (Froskal (sic), 1775) in the Iraqi marine waters northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 19(2):355-366. In Arabic.

Saleh, K. I. 1995. The use of the herb Schanginia aegyptica in the feeding of the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):378-393. In Arabic.

~Saleh, K. I. and Suliman, N. A. 1988. The use of drainage water to rear carp (Cyprinus carpio, L.) in cages: Determination of the optimum stocking density. 1st Scientific Conference of Technical Education, Baghdad, 21-22 September 1988, pp. 667-686. In Arabic.

Salih, A. A. 2005. Acute toxicity of three types of refinery products to mosquito fish Gambusia affinis. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Salih, M. S. and Al-Jaffery, A. 1980. Morphological study of Boleophthalmus dentatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1837 with reference to its feeding habits. 1: Habitat, external features and integument. Bulletin of the Biological Research Center, Baghdad, 12(2):11-44.

Salih, N. E. 2000a. Cryptobia salihi sp. n. from the fresh water fish Glyptothorax cous for the first time in Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 17(1):33-36.

Salih, N. E. 2000b. Trypanosoma salihi sp. n. from the freshwater fish Glyptothorax cous collected from the River Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 17(1):83-87.

Salih, N. E., Ali, N. M. and Abdul-Ameer, K. N. 1988. Helminthic fauna of three species of carp raised in ponds in Iraq. Journal of Biological Sciences Research, Baghdad, 19(2):369-386.

Salih, N. E., Al-Jafery, A. R., Ali, N. M. and Miyata, A. 2000. Trypanosoma cyprinioni sp. n. from the freshwater fish Cyprinion macrostomus collected in Tigris River, Baghdad, Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 17(2):247-252.

Salih, N. E., Al-Jafery, A. R., Ali, N. M. and Miyata, A. 2000. Trypanosoma garrae sp. n. from the freshwater fish Garra rufa collected in River Tigris, Baghdad, Iraq. Rivista di Parassitologia, 17(3):273-277.

Salim, S. M. 1962. Marsh Dwellers of the Euphrates Delta. London School of Economics, Monograph on Social Anthropology, 23, University of London, The Athlone Press. x + 157 pp.

Salman, H. H. 1987. Geochemistry and Hydrology of Euphrates River, Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 345 pp. In Arabic.

Salman, H. H., Abdullah, S. S. and Al-Mahdi, A. A. 1999. Sediment discharge in Shatt Al-Arab River, south Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):351-363.

Salman, N. 1983. Fish marketing in Fao fish market. The Arab Gulf Journal, 15(1):173-183. In Arabic.

~Salman, N. A. 1978. Fish marketing in Ashar, Basrah. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 9:53-65. In Arabic.

Salman, N. A., Ahmad, H. A. and Al-Rudainy, A. M. J. 1994. Gill rakers morphometry and filtering mechanism in four cyprinid species. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):25-43.

Salman, N. A., Ahmed, H. A. and Al-Rudaini, A. M. 1994. Gut morphology and intestinal coiling in four cyprinids species from Al-Hammar marshes, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1)(1993):153-165.

Salman, N. A., Al-Mahdawi, G. J., Kittan, S. A. S., Al-Rudainy, A. M. J. H. and Habah, M. K. 1995. Acclimation of common carp, bunni and gattan to the drainage water of Saddam River using concrete ponds. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(2)(1993):190-201.

Salman, N. A., Hashim, A. A. and Rashid, K. H. 1993. Gill biometry of three cyprinid species from Al-Hammar marshes, southern Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 6(1)(1991):54-66.

~Salman, N. A., Kitan, S. A., Kamel, F. M., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Ali, T. S. 1991. Transport of live silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen) to the coastal ponds in Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. IPA Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(1):79-95. In Arabic.

~Salman, N. A., Hussein, S. A. and Al-Zower, J. K. 1982. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on survival of khishni Liza abu (Heckel). Zanco, Sulaimaniyah University, 8(2):121-128.

~Salman, N. A., Kitan, S. A. and Kamel, F. M. 1991. Use of fiberglass tanks, floating cages and net enclosures for acclimation of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus. Journal of the Agricultural Research Centre, 2:175-188.

Salman, N. A. and Yousif, U. H. 2005. Biology and ecology of some cyprinid fish inhabiting the southern marshes of Iraq: a review study. First Scientific Conference on the Rehabilitation of the Southern Iraq Marshes, 11-12 April 2005, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah (abstract).

Salonen, A. 1970. Die Fischerei im Alten Mesopotamien nach Sumerisch-Akkadischen Quellen. Eine Lexikalische und Kulturgeschichtliche Untersuchung. Annales Academiæ Scientiarum Fennicæ, Ser. B, 166:1-314, tafs I-LI.

Samuel, M. and Mathews, C. P. 1987. Growth and mortality of four Acanthopagrus species. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science, 9:159-171.

Sandford, M. 1983. Ervaringen met enkele minder bekende holenvissen. Aquarium, Den Haag, 53(7-8):181-184.

Sanecki, J., Hutorowicz, A., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Phytoplankton of lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):53-73.

Sarig, S. 1966. Synopsis of biological data on common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus), 1758 (Near East and Europe). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Synopsis, 31.2:iii + 35 pp.

Sarker, A. L., Al-Daham, N. K. and Bhatti, M. N. 1980. Food habits of the mudskipper, Pseudapocryptes dentatus (Val.). Journal of Fish Biology, 17(6):635-639.

Sarker, A. L., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Hussein, S. A. 1980. Diurnal fluctuations in the physico-chemical conditions of the Shatt al-Arab and the Ashar Canal. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences), 89(2):171-181.

Sarnthein, M. 1972. Sediments and history of the postglacial transgression in the Persian Gulf and northwest Gulf of Oman. Marine Geology, 12:245-266.

Sarsam, S. H. 1982. Seasonal abundance and intraspecific variation in Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea: Copepoda) in fish ponds. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad. 69 pp. In Arabic.

Saud, H. A. 1997. The biology of two cyprinid fishes (Acanthobrama marmid and Alburnus sellal) in Karmat Ali River, Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, Basrah University. 80 pp. In Arabic.

Sauvage, H. E. 1882. Catalogue des poissons recueillis par M. E. Chantre pendant son voyage en Syrie, Haute-Mésopotamie, Kurdistan et Caucase. Bulletin de la Société philomathique de Paris, 6:163-168.

Sauvage, H. E. 1884. Notice sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ouest de l'Asie et plus particulièrement sur les poissons recueillis par M. Chantre pendant son voyage dans cette region. Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2 sèrie, 7:1-42, pl. 1-3.

Sawada, Y. 1982. Phylogeny and zoogeography of the superfamily Cobitoidea (Cyprinoidei, Cypriniformes). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries of Hokkaido University, 28(2):65-223.

Scharlau, K. 1968. Geomorphology, pp. 186-194. In: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 1. The Land of Iran. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xix + 784 pp.

Scheel, J. J. 1990. Atlas of Killifishes of the Old World. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 448 pp.

Scheil, V. 1918. Sur le marché aux poissons de Larsa. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale, 15(4):183-194.

Schelle, P., Collier, U. and Pittock, J. 2004. Rivers at Risk - Dams and the future of freshwater ecosystems. Paper at the 7th International River Symposium, 4 September 2004, Brisbane, 7 pp.

Schiewer, U., Al-Saadi, H. A. and Hameed, H. A. 1982. On the diel rhythm of phytoplankton productivity in Shatt al-Arab at Basrah, Iraq. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 93(2):158-172.

Scholl, A., Corzillius, B. and Villwock, W. 1976. Genetic differentiation in fishes of the tribe Aphaniini (Cyprinodontidæ) as revealed by electrophoretic techniques. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêcheries maritimes, 40(3 et 4):742-743.

Scholl, A., Corzillius, B. und Villwock, W. 1978. Beitrag zur Verwandtschaftsanalyse altweltlicher Zahnkarpfen der Tribus Aphaniini (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae) mit Hilfe elektrophoretischer Untersuchungsmethoden. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 16(2):116-132.

Scholz, T., Bray, R. A., Kuchta, R. and Řepová, R. 2004. Larvae of gryporhynchid cestodes (Cyclophyllidea) from fish: a review. Folia Parasitologia, 51:131-152.

Scholz, T., Hanzelová, V., Škeříková, A., Shimazu, T. and Rolbiecki, L. 2007. An annotated list of species of the Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858 aggregate sensu de Chambrier et al. (2004) (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of fishes in the Palaearctic Region, their phylogenetic relationships and a key to their identification. Systematic Parasitology, 67(2):139-156.

Schultz, L. P. 1957. The generic names Barbus and Puntius. Tropical Fish Hobbyist, 5(4):14-15, 29-31.

Scott, D. A. 1993. Wetlands of West Asia - A regional overview, pp. 9-22. In: Moser, M. and van Vessem, J. (Eds.). Wetland and Waterfowl Conservation in South and West Asia. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Karachi, Pakistan 14-20 December 1991, International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB) Special Publication, Slimbridge, 25, Asian Wetland Bureau (AWB) Publication, Kuala Lumpur, 85.

Scott, D. A. 1995. (Ed.). A Directory of Wetlands in the Middle East. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau, Slimbridge, U.K.. xvii + 560 pp.

Scott, D. A. and Evans, M. I. 1993. Wildlife of the Mesopotamian Marshlands. Report prepared for the Wetlands Ecosystem Research Group, University of Exeter. 146 pp.

Seegers, L. 1997. Killifishes of the World. Old World Killis II. Verlag A. C. S. GmbH, Mörfelden-Walldorf. 112 pp.

Seidl, U. 2006. The rôles played by fish on Neo-Assyrian cylinder seals, p. 134-142. In: Taylor, P. (Ed.). The Iconography of Cylinder Seals. Warburg Institute Colloquia, London, 9:xiv + 245 pp.

Semeit, A. 1999. Aphanius mento: A jewel of the desert. ARK - Arizona Rivulin Keepers, 3 pp. (http://ark.killi.net/mento.htm, downloaded 9 March 2003).

Šengör, A. M. C. 1984. The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia. Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, 195:ix + 82 pp., map.

Sethi, R P. 1960. Osteology and phylogeny of oviparous cyprinodont fishes (order Cyprinodontiformes). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida (University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 275 pp.).

Sevian, V. J. 1951. Economic utilization and development of the water resources of the Euphrates and Tigris, p. 148-158. In: Proceedings of the United Nations Scientific Conference on the Conservation and Utilization of Resources, 17 August - 6 September 1949, Lake Success, New York. Volume IV. Water Resources. Department of Economic Affairs, United Nations, New York. 466 pp.

Seyfali, M., Kiabi, B. and Sheidai, M. 2002. Karyotype of Aphanius sp. from Iran. The Nucleus, 45(3):114-115.

Shafi, M. and Jasim, B. M. 1982. Some aspects of the biology of a cyprinid, Aspius vorax Heckel. Journal of Fish Biology, 20:271-278.

Shafi, M. and Shalli, M. R. 1986. On the taxonomy, distribution and ecology of genus Aphanius Nardo (Cypriniformes (sic): Cyprinodontidae) of Iraq. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 14(2):129-133.

Shafi, M., Shalli, M. R. and Saeed, B. M. 1981. Capoeta pestai (Pietschmann) (Cyprinidae) a new record for Iraqi waters. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, Baghdad, 7(4):(1980):173-175.

Shahir, W. S. 1989. The effect of temperature and other factors on some physiological and biochemical aspects in the freshwater fish Cyprinion macrostomus (Heckel). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul.

Shamo, F. J. 2000. Malaria in Iraq. Coordination Meeting on Malaria Programmes, 31 May-1 June 2000, 6 pp. www.emro.who, downloaded 30 June 2006.

Shamo, F. J. 2001. Malaria in Iraq. Meditsinskaya Parazitologiya i Parazitarnye Bolezni, Moskva, 2001(1):46-47. In Russian.

Shamshoom, S. M., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Saleh, A. A. 1998. Bacterial flora of cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Basra, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 13(1):91-106.

Shamshoom, S. M., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Saleh, A. A. 1999. The immune response of cultured carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) against Aeromonas hydrophila killed infiltrate. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):241-256.

Shamsuddin, M., Al-Gailany, H. B., Mohammad, M. K. and Jasim, M. K. 1978. Erythrocyte measurements in some vertebrate species of Iraq. Bulletin of the Natural History Research Centre, University of Baghdad, 7(2):49-67.

Shamsuddin, M., Nader, I. A. and Al-Azzawi, M. J. 1971. Parasites of common fishes from Iraq with special reference to larval form of Contracaecum (Nematoda: Heterocheilidae). Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 5:66-78.

Shapland, G. 1997. Rivers of Discord. International Water Disputes in the Middle East. St. Martin's Press, New York. xi + 183 pp.

Sharif, I. 1954. The marsh areas in southern Iraq. Arts Faculty Bulletin, University of Alexandria, Egypt, 8.

Sharma, K. P. 1977. Occurrence of Ichthyophthirius in khishni, Liza abu (Heckel) fingerlings of Shatt-Al-Arab. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 7:35-36.

Sharma, K. P. 1980. Further studies on the fish marketing conditions of Southern Iraq. The Arab Gulf, University of Basrah, 2(1):223-228.

Sharma, K. P. and Al-Daham, N. K. 1979. Comparative studies on the efficiency of Aphanius dispar (Ruppell) and Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) in mosquito control. Comparative Physiology and Ecology, 4(2):106-109.

~Sharma, K. P. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1977. The effect of some dietary factors on the survival rate of khishni, Liza abu (Heckel). Iraqi Journal of Biological Science, 5:5-17.

Sharma, K. P., Al-Nasiri, S. K. and Bhatti, M. N. 1978. Toxicity and efficacy of MS-222 on three fishes of Iraq. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 6(2):107-112.

Sharma, K. P., Shukri, N. A. and Al-Nasiri, S. K. 1981. Mineral studies of some commercially important fishes of Shatt Al-Arab and Arab Gulf. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8(2):127-131.

Shehadeh, Z. H. 1997. West Asia, 4 pp. In: Review of the state of world aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Circular, 886, Revision 1:163 pp.

Shireman, J. V. and Smith, C. R. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Synopsis, 135:iv + 86 pp.

Singh Kohli, M. P. and Goswami, U. C. 1987. Spawning behaviour of a freshwater air-breathing Indian catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Matsya, 12 & 13:180-183.

Singhkohli, M. P. and Goswami, U. C. 1987. Teratological manifestations in an air-breathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Matsya, 12 & 13:188-192.

Sivasubramaniam, K. and Ibrahim, M. A. Common Fishes of Qatar. Scientific Atlas of Qatar, 1. Doha, Qatar. iv + 198 pp. + iii.

Skadhauge, E. and Lotan, R. 1974. Drinking rate and oxygen consumption in the euryhaline teleost Aphanius dispar in waters of high salinity. Journal of Experimental Biology, 60(2):547-556.

Škeříková, A., Hypša, V. and Scholz, T. 2004. A paraphyly of the genus Bothriocephalus Rudolphi, 1808 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) inferred from internal transcribed spacer-2 and 18s ribosomal DNA sequences. Journal of Parasitology, 90(3):612-617.

Smirnov, A. I. 1992. Reviziya taksonov roda podust Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae) vostochnoy Evropy v predyelaj byvshego SSSR [Taxonomic revision of the genus Chondrostoma Agassiz, 1835 (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from eastern Europe and the former USSR]. Institut Zoologii, Akademii Nauk Ukrainy, Kiev. 63 pp.

Solak, K. 1989. Aras Havzasında Yaşayan Barbus plebejus lacerta Heckel, 1843'nin (Cyprinidae, Pisces) Yaş-Boy ve Yaş-Ağırlık Ilişkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar. Doğa Türk Zooloji Dergisi, 13(1):28-33.

Siolecki, R. S. 1979. Contemporary Kurdish winter-time inhabitants of Shanidar cave, Iraq. World Archaeology, 10(3):318-330.

Soni, V. C. and George, B. 1986. Age determination and length-weight relationship in the mudskipper Boleophthalmus dentatus. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 33:231-234.

Sousa, A. 1944. Iraq Irrigation Handbook Part I: The Euphrates. Iraqi State Railway Press, Baghdad. 111 pp.

Spencer, M. 1982. The Marsh Arabs Revisited. Aramco World Magazine, 33(2):33-36.

Spataru, P. and Gophen, M. 1986. Food and feeding habits of Capoeta damascina (Cyprinidae) in Lake Kinneret, Israel. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics, 1:147-153.

Spencer, A. M. (Ed.). 1974. Mesozoic-Cenozoic Orogenic Belts. Data for Orogenic Studies. Special Publication, Geological Society, London, 4:xvi + 809 pp.

Steinitz, H. 1951. On the distribution and evolution of the cyprinodont fishes of the Mediterranean region and the Near East. Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 2(1-2):113-124.

Steinitz, H. 1954. The distribution and evolution of the fishes of Palestine. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınlarından, B, 1(4):225-275, Taf. I-IV.

Stephenson, J. 1928. The Zoological Section of the Nuzhatu-l-Qulūb of Hamdullāh al-Mustaufī Al-Qazwīnī. Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, 30:xix + 100 pp.

Steven, W. S. R. 1913. Report on an investigation in regard to the prevalence of malaria amongst the troops stationed at Karachi. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 24:251-261.

Stevens, M. L. and Alwash, S. 2003. Draft Report Biological Characteristics, Mesopotamian Marshlands of Southern Iraq. Eden Again Project, The Iraq Foundation.

Stevens, M., Alwash, S. and Alwash, A. 2003. Draft summary report restoration planning workshop Irvine, California February 16th and 17th, 2003. Eden Again Technical Advisory Panel, Eden Again Project, The Iraq Foundation. 38 pp.

Stevens, M., Miralles-Wilhelm, F. and Crisman, T. Richardson, C. 2005. Eco-cultural restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshes. Ecological Society of America 2005 Annual Meeting, Montréal, 7-12 August 2005 (abstract).

Stevens, M. L., Alwash, S., Alwash, A., Ali, I., Beilfuss, R., Callaway, J., Coad, B., Crisman, T., Dunne, T., Evan, M., Hamilton, D., Kentula, M., Maltby, E., Partow, H., Richardson, C., Zalidis, G., Zedler, J., Amirebrahimi, A., Amer, S., Bishop, J., Scott, D., Cattarossi, A. and McCroskey, D. 2003. Building a scientific basis for restoration of the Mesopotamian Marshlands: Findings of the International Technical Advisory Panel Restoration Planning Workshop. Paper presented at the Society of Wetland Scientists 24th Annual Meeting, Hyatt Regency Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 8-13 2003.

Stevenson, M. 1997. "Aphanius" / "Cyprinodon" and the propinquity of descent. Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 88-89.

Steyskal, G. C. 1980. The grammar of family-group names as exemplified by those of fishes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 93(1):168-177.

Stone, R. 2007. The last of the leviathans. Science, 316:1684-1688.

Stoneley, R. 1974. Evolution of the continental margins bounding a former southern Tethys, pp. 889-903. In: Burk, C. A. and Drake, C. L. (Eds.). The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer-Verlag, New York. xiii + 1009 pp.

Sufi, S. M. K. 1957. Revision of the Oriental fishes of the Family Mastacembelidae. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, 27:93-146.

Suleiman, N. A., Al-Mahdawi, G. J., Al-Azawi, A. H., Razougui, R. H., Abbas, L. N., Al-Azawi, A. J., Al-Tamoumi, M. T. and Faysal, S. M. 1997. Acclimation and culture of common carp and gattan in the north part of Saddam's River using floating net cages. Marina Mesopotamica, 12(1):169-188. In Arabic.

Sultan, M., Becker, R., Al-Dousari, A., Al-Ghadban, A. N. and Bufano, E. 2003. Water, agriculture and land cover: lessons for the post-war era. Geotimes, 48(10):16-21.

Sušnik, S., Schöffmann, J. and Weiss, S. 2005. Genetic verification of native brown trout from the Persian Gulf (Catak Cay River, Tigris basin). Journal of Fish Biology, 67(3):879-884.

Swanson, C., Cech, J. J. and Piedrahita, R. H. 1996. Mosquitofish. Biology, Culture, and Use in Mosquito Control. Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California and the University of California Mosquito Research Program, Davis. 88 pp.

Swar, D. B. 2003. Fisheries in the three northern Governorates in Iraq. Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

Syzpuła, J., Epler, P., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001. Age and growth of fish in lakes Tharthar, Razzazah and Habanniya. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):185-197.

Szczerbowski, J. A., Bartel, R. and Ciepielewski, W. 2001. Hydrological characteristics of the Dokan and Derbendikhan Dam reservoirs and lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):7-18.

Szczerbowski, J. A., Bartel, R. and Epler, P. 2001. Fishing gear selectivity, fish survival rates and resources in lakes Tharthar, Habbaniya and Razzazah. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):225-233.

Tabibzadeh, I., Behbehani, G. and Nakhai, R. 1970a. Use of Gambusia fish in the malaria eradication programme of Iran. World Health Organization, WHO/MAL/70.716; WHO/VBC/70.198, 13 pp.

Tabibzadeh, I., Behbehani, G. and Nakhai, R. 1970b. Use of Gambusia fish in the malaria eradication programme of Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 43:623-626.

Tabrez Nasar, S. S. 1993. Length-weight relationship of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Matsya, 15 & 16:94-99.

Taha, M. F., Harb, S. A., Nagib, M. K. and Tantawy, A. H. 1981. The Climate of the Near East, pp. 183-255. In: Takahashi, K. and Arakawa, H. (Eds.). Climates of Southern and Western Asia. Elsevier, Amsterdam. xiii + 333 pp.

Taher, M., Hope-Simpson, M., Rubec, C. and Warner, B. (Eds.). 2004. Report on Consultation Workshop on Mesopotamian Marshlands Management. University of Waterloo, Ontario and Canadian International Development Agency, Ottawa. 61 pp.

Taher, M. M. 1986. The growth of young of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. from different localities within Basrah city. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 89 pp. In Arabic.

Taki, Y. 1975. Cyprinid fishes of the genera Onychostoma and Scaphiodonichthys from Upper Laos, with remarks on the dispersal of the genera and their allies. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 22(3):143-150.

Takin, M. 1972. Iranian geology and continental drift in the Middle East. Nature, London, 235:147-150.

Thesiger, W. 1954. The marshmen of southern Iraq. Geographical Journal, 120(3):272-281.

Thesiger, W. 1958. Marsh dwellers of southern Iraq. National Geographic, 113(2):204-239.

Thesiger, W. 1985. Marsh Arabs. Collins, London. 2nd Revised Edition, 236 pp.

Thiermann, A. 1978. Aphaniinae. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 11(3):86-86.

Thinès, G. 1969. L'évolution régressive des poissons cavernicoles et abyssaux. Masson et Cie, Paris. 394 pp.

Thinès, G. L. and Proudlove, G. 1986. Pisces. In: Stygofauna Mundi, pp. 709-733.

Thinès, G.-L. and Tercafs, R.-R. 1972. Atlas de la vie souterraine. Les animaux cavernicoles. N. Boubée, Paris-Bruxelles. 161 pp.

Thomas, H., Sen, S., Khan, M., Battail, B. and Ligabue, G. 1982. The Lower Miocene fauna of Al-Sarrar (Eastern province, Saudi Arabia). ATLAL, Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology, 5(III):109-136, pls. 116-117.

Thomson, J. M. 1963. Synopsis of biological data on the grey mullet Mugil cephalus Linnaeus 1758. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Melbourne, Fisheries and Oceanography, Fisheries Synopsis, 1:74 pp.

Thomson, J. M. 1997. The Mugilidae of the world. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 41(3):457-562.

Thorne, M. J. 1992. Comment on the citation of names in Zoological Record as evidence of general scientific use. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 49(2):144.

Timur, M., Çolak, A. and Marufi, M. 1983.Balıklı Kaplıcadki (Sivas) Balık Türlerinin Tanımı ve Deri Hastalıı Tedavisindeki Etkisinin Araştirılması [A study on the systematic identification of the Balıklı thermal spring (Sivas) fish and the curative effects of the fish on dermal diseases]. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(2):276-282.

Tomanbay, M. 1993. Sharing the Euphrates: Turkey. Research & Exploration, 9(Water Issue):50-61.

Torcu-Koç, H., Erdogan, Z. and Treer, T. 2006. A review of length-weight relationships of fishes from freshwaters of Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4):264-270.

Tortonese, E. 1934. Pesci della Persia raccolti dal Marchese Giacomo Doria (1862). Bollettino dei Museo di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università di Torino, 44, III(49):153-171, tav. 1.

Tortonese, E. 1937-1938a. Viaggio del dott. Enrico Festa in Palestina e in Siria (1893). Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università de Torino, 46, III(85):1-48, tav. I-II.

Tortonese, E. 1937-1938b. Note di Ittiologia. III. Note sui Ciprinidi. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università de Torino, 46, III(74):81-85.

Tortonese, E. 1940. Elenco dei tipi esistenti nella collezione ittiologica del R. Museo di Torino. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomia Comparata della R. Università de Torino, 48, III(111):133-144.

Tortonese, E. 1951-1952. Ricerche sistematico-faunistiche sui Pesci d'acqua dolce dell'Anatolia. 1. Cobitidae. Bollettino dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Torino, 3(8):1-14.

Tortonese, E. 1954. The trouts of Asiatic Turkey. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Hidrobiologi Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınlarından, B, 11(1):1-25, pl. I-II.

Tortonese, E. 1961. Catalogo dei tipe di pesci del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (Parte I). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Genova, 72:179-191.

Tortonese, E. 1973. The ichthyological collections now existing in Italy. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 79:108-116.

Travers, R. A. 1984a. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes. Part I: Anatomical description. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 46(1):1-133.

Travers, R. A. 1984b. A review of the Mastacembeloidei, a suborder of synbranchiform teleost fishes. Part II: Phylogenetic analysis. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 47(2):83-150.

Trewavas, E. 1955. A blind fish from Iraq, related to Garra. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12(8):551-555.

Trewavas, E. 1972. The type-species of the genera Phoxinellus, Pseudophoxinus and Paraphoxinus (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 21(8):359-361.

Trewavas, E. 1977. The sciaenid fishes (croakers or drums) of the Indo-West Pacific. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 33(4):253-541.

Tsigenopoulos, C. S. and Berrebi, P. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of North Mediterranean freshwater barbs (genus Barbus: Cyprinidae) inferred from cytochrome b sequences: biogeographic and systematic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 14(2):165-179.

Turan, C., Ergüden, D., Turan, F. and Gürlek, M. 2004. Genetic and morphologic structure of Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) populations from the rivers Orontes, Euphrates and Tigris. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 28:729-734.

Türkmen, M. and Akyurt, I. 2000. Karasu İmağı'n ın Aşkale Mevkiinden Yakalanan Gümüş Balığı Chalcalburnus mossullensis, (sic) Heckel, 1843)'nın Populasyon Yapısı ve Büyüme Özellikleri [The population structure and growth properties of Chalcalburnus mossulensis (Heckel, 1843) caught from Aşkale region of River Karasu]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 24(1):95-111.

Türkmen, M., Haliloğlu, H. I., Erdoğan, O. and Yildirim, A. 1999. The growth and reproduction characteristics of chub Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann, 1840) living in the River Aras. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(4):355-364.

Turnbull, P. F. and Reed, C. A. 1974. The fauna from the Terminal Pleistocene of Palegawra Cave, a Zarzian occupation site in northeastern Iraq. Fieldiana Anthropology, 63(3):81-146.

Tytler, P. and Vaughan, T. 1983. Thermal ecology of the mudskippers, Periophthalmus koelreuteri (Pallas) and Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas) of Kuwait Bay. Journal of Fish Biology, 23:327-337.

Ubell, K. 1971. Iraq's water resources. Nature and Resources, 7(2):3-9.

Ündar, L., Akpinar, M. A. and Yanikoğlu, A. 1990. "Doctor fish" and psoriasis. The Lancet, 335:470-471.

United Nations Environment Programme. 2003. Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq. United Nations Environment Programme, Switzerland. 98 pp.

Ünlü, E. 1991. Dicle Nehrinde Yaşayan Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843)'nin Biyolojik Özellikleri Üzerinde Çalişmalar [Studies on the biological characteristics of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) living in Tigris River].Doğa Türk Zooloji Dergisi, 15(1):22-38.

Ünlü, E. 2006. Tigris River ichthyological studies in Turkey. A review with regard to the Ilisu Hydroelectrcic Project. Environmental Impact Assessment Report, Ilisu Environment Group, Hydro Concepts Engineering, Hydro Québec International, Archéotec Inc. 34 pp.

Ünlü, E. and Balcı, K. 1993a. Savur Çayındaki Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann, 1840)'in Üreme Özellikleri Üzerine Bir Araştirma [A study on the reproductive characteristics of Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Nordmann, 1840) from the Savur Stream]. Doğa Türk Zooloji Dergisi, 17(1):91-102.

Ünlü, E. and Balci, K. 1993b. Observation on the reproduction of Leuciscus cephalus orientalis (Cyprinidae) in Savur Stream (Turkey). Cybium, 17(3):241-250.

Ünlü, E., Balcı, K. and Akbayin, H. 1994. Some biological characteristics of the Acanthobrama marmid Heckel, 1843 in the Tigris River (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 18(2):131-139.

Ünlü, E., Balci, K. and Meriç, N. 2000. Aspects of the biology of Liza abu (Mugilidae) in the Tigris River (Turkey). Cybium, 24(1):27-43.

Ünlü, E. and Bozkurt, R. 1996. Notes on the catfish, Silurus triostegus (Siluridae) from the Euphrates River in Turkey. Cybium, 20(3):315-317.

Ünlü, E., Kilic-Demirok, N., Cengiz, E. I. and Karadede, H. 1997. Karyology of Garra rufa (Cyprinidae) in River Tigris (Turkey). Ninth International Congress of European Ichthyologists (CEI9) "Fish Biodiversity". Italy 1997 (Napoli-Trieste). Book of Abstracts, p. 95.

Ünver, B. 1998. An investigation on the reproduction properties of chub (Leuciscus cephalus L., 1758) in Lake Tödürge (Zara/Sivas). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 22(2):141-147.

USAID. 2004. Iraq marshlands restoration program action plan. Forward Task Order, Water Indefinite Quantity Contract, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington. xxvi + 192 pp.

USAID. 2006a. Business models for aquaculture in Iraq. Iraq Private Sector Growth and Employment Generation (IZDIHAR), U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington. 38 pp.

USAID. 2006b. Final report: Appendix C. Marshlands monitoring activities. Agriculture Reconstruction and Development Program for Iraq (ARDI), U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington. vi + 143 pp.

US Department of State. 2006. Iraq Weekly Report, July 19, 2006. Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 33 pp.

van Buren, E. D. 1938. The Fauna of Ancient Mesopotamia as represented in art. Analecta Orientalia, Pontificum institutum biblicum, Rome, 18:113 pp., 23 pls.

van Buren, E. D. 1948. Fish-offerings in ancient Mesopotamia. Iraq, 10:101-121.

van den Eelaart, A. 1954. Report to the Government of Iraq on the development of inland fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, EPTA Report, 270:1-42, 2 graphs, 1 map.

van den Eelaart, A. 1957. A second report to the Government of Iraq on the development of inland fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, EPTA Report, 777:1-21, 1 fig.

van der Leeden, F. (Ed.). 1975. Water Resources of the World. Selected Statistics. Water Information Center, Port Washington, New York. xi + 568 pp.

Vandel, A. 1964. Biospéologie: la biologie des animaux cavernicoles. XVIII. Editions Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 619 p.

Vandel, A. 1965. Biospeleology. The biology of cavernicolous animals. International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology (Zoology), 22: xxiv + 524 pp., Pergamon Press, Oxford, London, translated into English by B. E. Freeman.

Vargas, M. J. and de Sostoa, A. 1996. Life history of Gambusia holbrooki (Pisces, Poeciliidae) in the Ebro Delta (NE Iberian peninsula). Hydrobiologia, 341(3):215-224.

Vasil'eva, E. D. (sic) and Vasil'ev, V. P. (sic). 2000. The origin and taxonomic status of the triploid form of the goldfish, Carassius auratus (Cyprinidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 40(8):553-563.

Vesey-Fitzgerald, B. and Lamonte, F. (no date). Game Fish of the World. Harper & Brothers, New York. xvii + 446 pp.

Vesiland, P. J. 1993. The Middle East's water - critical resource. National Geographic, 183(5):38-71.

Vila-Gispert, A. and Moreno-Amich, R. 2002. Life-history patterns of 25 species from European freshwater fish communities. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 65(4):387-400.

Villwock, W. 1958. Weitere genetische Untersuchungen zur Frage der Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen anatolischer Zahnkarpfen. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 56:81-153, Tafel 5-6.

Villwock, W. 1959. Über einen seltenen Aquariengast, den echten "Perserkärpfling" Aphanius sophiae (Heckel) 1846. Die Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift, 12:105-108.

Villwock, W. 1960. Zur Synonymie von Aphanius sophiae (Heckel) 1846. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 58:151-154.

Villwock, W. 1963. Genetische Analyse des Merkmals "Beschuppung" bei anatolischen Zahnkarpfen (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae) im Auflöserversuch. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 170:23-45.

Villwock, W. 1964. Genetische Untersuchungen an altweltlichen Zahnkarpfen der Tribus Aphaniini (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae) nach Gesichtspunkten der Neuen Systematik. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 2:267-382.

Villwock, W. 1966. Isolationsmechanismen und Artbildung bei Fischen, unter besonder Berücksichtigung geographischer Isolationsfaktoren. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 177:84-110.

Villwock, W. 1970. Distribution, ecology and relationship of Near East and Mediterranean Cyprinodonts of the genus Aphanius. Journées Ichthyologies, Rome, Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, pp. 89-92.

Villwock, W. 1976. A contribution to the understanding of the evolution of meristic characters, with special reference to Old World cyprinodontids (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, NF 18/19 (Suppl.):11-27.

Villwock, W. 1977. Das Genus Aphanius Nardo, 1827. Deutsche Killifische Gemeinschaft Journal, Köln, 9(11):165-185.

Villwock, W. 1980. Aphanius (Nardo 1827) and Cyprinodon (Lac. 1803), an attempt for a genetic interpretation of speciation. Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, Vancouver, Canada, July 17-24, 1980, p. 378 (abstract).

Villwock, W. 1981. Distribution, ecology and intraspecific variability of some external characters in Aphanius (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). A contribution to regressive evolution in fish. Rapport de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée, 27(5):119-125.

Villwock, W. 1982. Aphanius (Nardo, 1827) and Cyprinodon (Lac., 1803) (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae), and attempt for a genetic interpretation of speciation. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, 20(3):187-197.

Villwock, W. 1984. CURT KOSSWIGs ichthyologische Forschungen - ein Beitrag zur Faunengeschichte Anatoliens und zu Phänomenen der Evolution am Beispiel anatolischer Zahnkarpfen (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 80:19-40.

Villwock, W. 2004. Synopsis of classic and molecular investigations of Old Word (sic) cyprinodontids of the genus Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae), with special concern of the Anatolian species, their speciation phenomena and their probable historic development. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 101:35-46.

Villwock, W., Holčík, J., Wildekamp, R. H. and Doadrio, I. 2002. Comments on the proposed placement of the name Aphanius Nardo, 1827 (Osteichthyes, Cyprinodontiformes) on the Official List (Case 3028; see BZN 58: 110-115). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 59(2):133-134 (separate short submissions by these authors grouped here for convenience).

Villwock, W., Scholl, A. und Krupp, F. 1983. Zur Taxonomie, Verbreitung und Speziation des Formenkreises Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1828) und Beschreibung von Aphanius sirhani n. sp. (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 80:251-277.

Vita-Finzi, C. 1978. Recent alluvial history in the catchment of the Arabo-Persian Gulf, pp. 255-261. In: Brice, W. C. (Ed.). The Environmental History of the Near and Middle East Since the Last Ice Age. Academic Press, London. xx + 384 pp.

von den Driesch, A. 1981. Fischknochen. In: Hrouda, B. Isin-Isan Bahriyat II. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaftten, philosophisch-historische Klasse, Abhandlungen, Neue Folge, 87:157-167.

von den Driesch, A. 1986. Fischknochen aus Abu Salabikh/Iraq. Iraq, 48:31-38.

Vossughi, Ch. (= Wossughi, Gh.) and Mostajeer, B. 1994. Freshwater Fishes. Second Edition. Tehran University Publication No. 2132, 317 pp. In Farsi.

Voûte, C. and Wedman, E. J. 1963. The Quaternary climate as a morphological agent in Iraq, p. 395-402. In: Arid Zone Research - XX. Changes of climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium organized by UNESCO and WMO, 1963.

Wagstaff, J. M. 1985. The evolution of Middle Eastern landscapes. An outline to A.D. 1840. Croom Helm, London. xiii + 304 pp.

Wahab, N. K. 1986. Ecology and biology of three species of mugilid fishes in Shatt Al-Basrah Canal. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 155 pp. In Arabic.

Wahab, N. K. 1999. Toxicity of four organophosphates insecticides on young Liza abu L. Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):215-227. In Arabic.

Wakil, M. 1993. Sharing the Euphrates: Syria. Research & Exploration, 9(Water Issue):62-71.

Walters, D. M. and Freeman, B. J. 2000. Distribution of Gambusia (Poeciliidae) in a southeastern river system and the use of fin ray counts for species determination. Copeia, 2000(2):555-559.

Waring, G. A. 1965. Thermal Springs of the United States and Other Countries of the World - A Summary. United States Government Printing Office, Washington. ix + 383 pp.

Warner, B. G. 2005. Restoration principles and guidelines for the Mesopotamian marshes of Iraq. Program and Abstracts, 171st Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 17-21, Washington, D.C. (abstract).

Warner, B. G. and Rubec, C. D. A. 2004. Culture and ecology: Advances in Mesopotamian wetlands. 7th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Conference Abstracts, Utrecht, The Netherlands. p. 349 (abstract).

Warsi, A. A. and Fattohy, Z. I. 1976. Trypanosoma acanthobramae n. sp. from a freshwater fish, Acanthobrama marmid Heckel (Family: Cyprinidae) from the River Tigris, Iraq. Current Science, Lahore, 45(23):838-839.

Warwick, D. and Warwick, J. 1989. The doctor fish - a cure for psoriasis? The Lancet, 4 November 1989:1093-1094.

Weber, A., Proudlove, G. S. and Nalbant, T. T. 1998. Morphology, systematic diversity, distribution, and ecology of stygobitic fishes, p. 1177-1213. In: Juberthie, C. and Decu, V. (Eds.). Encyclopaedia Biospeleologica. Tome II. Société de Biospéologie, Moulis, Bucarest (Academie Roumaine).

Weed, A. C. 1977. Fishes of Iraq. Field Research Projects, Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida. 76 pp. (no. 7790, American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress).

Weiss, H., Courty, M.-A., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R. and Curnow, A. 1993. The genesis and collapse of third millennium north Mesopotamian civilization. Science, 261:995-1004.

Welcomme, R. L. 1981. Register of International Transfers of Inland Fish Species. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Technical Paper, 213:vii + 120 pp.

Welcomme, R. L. 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Technical Paper, 294:x + 318 pp.

Welcomme, R. L. and Bartley, D. M. 1998. An evaluation of present techniques for the enhancement of fisheries, p. 1-35. In: Petr, T. (Ed.). Inland fishery enhancements. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Technical Paper, 374:vi + 463 pp.

Wheeler, A. 1970. Review of "A systematic list of the vertebrates of Iraq by Nuri Mahdi and P. V. Georg. 104 pages. Baghdad: Iraq Natural History Museum, Publication No. 26. 1969. Price not stated". Journal of Fish Biology, 2(2):199.

Wheeler, A. C. 1956. The type species of Mastacembelus and the second edition of Russell's "Natural History of Aleppo". Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, 27:91-92.

White, A. W. and Barwani, M. A. 1971. Common Sea Fishes of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Trucial States Council, Dubai. 166 pp.

White, P. G. 1988. A regional survey of the aquaculture sector in eleven Middle East countries (including Bahrain, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen). Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme, ADCP/REP/88/30:v + 50 pp.

Whitear, M. and Mittal, A. K. 1983. Fine structure of the club cells in the skin of Ostariophysan fish. Zeitschrift für Mikroskopisch-Anatomische Forschung, 97(1):141-157.

Whitehead, P. J. P. 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Volume 7. Clupeid Fishes of the World (Suborder Clupeoidei). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Herrings, Sardines, Pilchards, Sprats, Shads, Anchovies and Wolf-herrings. Part 1 - Chirocentridae, Clupeidae and Pristigasteridae. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Synopsis, 125, volume 7, part 1:x + 1-304.

Whitehead, P. J. P., Nelson, G. J. and Wongratana, T. 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Volume 7. Clupeid Fishes of the World (Suborder Clupeoidei). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of the Herrings, Sardines, Pilchards, Sprats, Shads, Anchovies and Wolf-herrings. Part 2 - Engraulididae. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Fisheries Synopsis, 125, volume 7, part 2:viii + 305-579.

Whyte, R. O. 1961. Evolution of land use in South-western Asia, pp. 57-118. In: Stamp, L. D. Arid Zone Research - XVII. A history of land use in arid regions. UNESCO, Paris. 388 pp.

Widdowson, A. G. 1954. Explorers of subterranean by-ways. Interlude with the pipeline pot-holers. Iraq Petroleum, 3(12):4-8.

Wildekamp, R. 2001. Lebias oder Aphanius, dass ist die Frage. DKG-Journal, 33(3):72-75.

Wildekamp, R. H. 1993. A world of killies. Atlas of the oviparous cyprinodontiform fishes of the world. Volume 1. The genera Adamas, Adinia, Aphanius, Aphyoplatys and Aphyosemion. Edited by B. R. Watters. American Killifish Association, Mishawaka, Indiana. 311 pp.

Wildekamp, R. H., Küçük, F., Ünlüsayin, M. and Neer, W. V. 1999. Species and subspecies of the genus Aphanius Nardo 1897 (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(1):23-44.

Wildekamp, R. H., Romand, R. and Scheel, J. J. 1986. Cyprinodontidae, pp.165-169. In: Daget, J., Gosse, J.-P. and Thys van den Audenaerde, D. F. E. (Eds.). Check-list of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). Volume 2:xiv + 520 pp.

Wilkens, H. 1977. Die Typen der Ichthyologischen Sammlung des Zoologischen Instituts und Zoologischen Museums der Universität Hamburg (ZMH). Teil III. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 74:155-163.

Wilkens, H. und Dohse, R. 1993. Die Typen der Ichthyologischen Sammlung des Zoologischen Instituts und Zoologischen Museums der Universität Hamburg (ZMH) Teil IV. Mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen Museum und Institut, 90:401-426.

Willcocks, S. W. 1912. The Garden of Eden and its restoration. Geographical Journal, 15(2):129-148.

Wolfart, R. 1987. Late Cretaceous through Quaternary palaeogeographic evolution of the Middle East, pp. 9-22. In: Krupp, F., Schneider, W. and Kinzelbach, R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Symposium on the Fauna and Zoogeography of the Middle East, Mainz, 1985. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, Reihe A (Naturwissenschaften), 28, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden, 338 pp.

Wooten, M. C., Scribner, K. T. and Smith, M. H. 1986. Genetic variability and systematics of Gambusia in the southeastern United States. Copeia, 1988(2):283-289.

World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 1990. Directory of Wetlands of International Importance. Sites Designated for the List of Wetlands of International Importance. Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland, Switzerland. 782 pp.

Wossughi, G. 1978. Beitrag zur Systematik und Zoogeographie der Cyprinidae (Pisces, Teleostei) des Mittleren Ostens, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Irans. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades des Fachbereichs Biologie der Universität Hamburg. 89 pp.

Wright, H. E. 1977. Environmental change and the origin of agriculture in the Old and New Worlds, pp. 281-318. In: Reed, C. A. Origins of Agriculture. Mouton, The Hague. xvi + 1013 pp.

Wright, H. E. 1983. Climatic change in the Zagros Mountains - revisited, pp. 505-510. In: Braidwood, L. S., Braidwood, R. J., Howe, B., Reed, C. A. and Watson, P. J. (Eds.). Prehistoric Archeology along the Zagros Flanks. Oriental Institute of Chicago University, Chicago. ix + 695 pp.

Wright, G. R. H. 1990. Of fishes and men. Fish symbols in ancient religion. Journal of Prehistoric Religion, 3-4:30-44.

Xenopoulos, M. A., Lodge, D. M., Alcamo, J., Märker, M., Schulze, K. and van Vuuren, D. P. 2005. Scenarios of freshwater fish extinctions from climate change and water withdrawal. Global Change Biology, 11:1557-1564.

Yalçin-Özdilek, Ş. and Ekmekçi, F. G. 2006. Preliminary data on the diet of Garra rufa (Cyprinidae) in the Asi basin (Orontes), Turkey. Cybium, 30(2):177-182.

Yanar, M. and Tekelioğlu, N. 1999. Balık Büyüklü ğünün Japon Balıklarında (Carassius auratus) Pigmentasyon Üzerine Etkisi [The effect of fish size on pigmentation in goldfish (Carassius auratus)]. Turkish Journal of Biology, 23(1):101-105.

Yassaie, M. 1993. Common carp: Its status in present fish culture activities in Iran and its economical importance. In: Symposium on the Carp, Budapest, Hungary, 6-9 September 1993 (abstract).

Yazdani, G. M. 1990. Contribution to the fish fauna of India (including adjacent countries). Order Mastacembeliformes. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 124:1-36.

Yazdipour, A., Marashi, S. Z. and Moazedi, J. 1991. Biotechnological report on artificial propagation of Barbus sharpeyi. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization Publication, Tehran. 34 pp. In Farsi.

Yerli, S. V., Çalişkan, M. and Canbolat, A. F. 1999. Çıldır Gölü (Ardahan)'ndeki Leuciscus cephalus'un Büyüme Ölçütleri Üzerine İncelemeler [An investigation on the growth criterias of Leuciscus cephalus in Çıldır Lake-Ardahan]. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(supplement 1):271-278.

Yesser, A. K. T. 1988. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition in muscles and gonads of two Iraqi fishes Barbus luteus and Barbus sharpeyi in relation to their reproductive cycle in Hor Al-Hammar. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. In Arabic.

Yesser, A. K. T. 1995. Studies of some aspects of chemical composition of two fish species of anchovy, Thryssa hamiltoni and sea catfish, Arius thalassinus. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(2):351-358.

Yesser, A. K. T. 1996. Nutritional and physiological effects of salinity to mullet Liza carinata. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Basrah. 72 pp. In Arabic.

Yesser, A. K. T. 2000. Control of chemical composition of cultured fish: (1) Effect of dietary fat content on feed intake, growth and fat deposition in the common carp. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):303-311.

Yesser, A. K. T., Ahmed, H. A. and Al-Badri, M. E. 1999. Effect of salinity on growth and food conversion efficiency of Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836). Marina Mesopotamica, 14(2):265-277.

Yesser, A. K. T., Ahmed, H. A. and Al-Sanabani, M. A. 2001. The compensatory growth response of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):267-282. In Arabic.

Yesser, A. K. T., Al-Badri, M. E. and Ahmed, H. A. 2001. Salinity tolerance of Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836). Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):221-238. In Arabic.

Yesser, A. K. T., Hinde, M. J. and Ahmed, H. A. 1999. Effects of starvation on proximate chemical composition of Liza abu (Heckel, 1843). Marina Mesopotamica, 14(1):11-17.

Yilmaz, F. and Solak, K. 1999.Dicle Nehrinde Yaşayan Capoeta trutta (Heckel; 1843)'nın Beslenme Organizmaları ve Bu Organizmaların Aylara ve Yaşlara Göre Değişimleri [Feeding organisms living in Capoeta trutta (Heckel; 1843) in the Tigris River and changes in these organisms according to month and age. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 23(EK3):973-978.

Young, G. 1976. Water dwellers in a desert world. National Geographic, 149(4):503-523.

Young, G. 1983. Return to the Marshes. Life with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. Hutchinson, London. 176 pp.

Young, G. 1989. Return to the Marshes. Life with the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. Penguin, London. 192 pp.

Younis, K. H. 1990. A study of fish assemblage in the north of Khor Abdullah. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 95 pp. In Arabic.

Younis, K. H. 1995. Occurrence and food habit of the juveniles of Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836) in Shatt Al-Arab River at Basrah, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 10(2):331-339.

Younis, K. H. 2000. The biology of Ilisha megaloptera (Bennet) in Shatt Al-Arab estuary, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(1):169-181.

Younis, K. H. 2007. Ecological assessment of fish assemblage in Shatt Al-Arab River during the period (1982-2004) using Integrated Biological Index (IBI). The Arabian Seas International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Oceanography, 10-13 February 2007, State of Kuwait (title).

Younis, K. H., Hussain, N. A. and Yousif, U. H. 2001a. Occurrence, age, growth and food habits of Acanthobrama marmid Heckel (Cyprinidae) in Shatt Al-Arab River at Basrah, Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Biology, 1(1):59-70.

Younis, K. H., Hussain, N. A. and Yousif, U. H. 2001b. Food and diet overlap of small fish assemblage in the upper reaches of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Marina Mesopotamica, 16(1):129-139.

Yousif, A. Y. 1986. Species structure of fishes in the Shatt Al-Basrah Canal and their feeding relationships. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah. 118 pp. In Arabic.

Yousif, U. H. 1983. Eco-biological study of Carasobarbus luteus Heckel and Liza abu Heckel from Mehaijeran Canal, south of Basrah. M.Sc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. 192 pp. In Arabic.

Yousif , U. H. , Hussain, N. A. and Younis, K. H. 2000. Diversity and similarity indices of small fish assemblage as an indicator of water pollution in Shatt Al-Arab River. Marina Mesopotamica, 15(2):415-424.

Yousif, U. H. and Naama, A. K. 1994. Biological study of Johnieops sina and Johnius belangerii from Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 7(2)(1992):323-338. In Arabic.

Zahid, L. A. 1980. Faecal pollution of the Army Canal in Baghdad. Bulletin of the Biological Research Centre, Baghdad, 12(1):41-48.

Zahid, Z. R., Al-Barzanchi, K. A. and Al-Haidari, M. T. 1982. A light microscopical study on the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex in Barbus sharpeyi. Part 1: The preoptic and lateralis tuberis nuclei. Journal of Biological Sciences, Baghdad, 13(2):71-84.

Zaidi, I. H. 1981. On the ethics of Man's interaction with the environment: an Islamic approach. Environmental Ethics, 3(1):35-47.

Zakaria, H. 1964. A catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) of medical importance invades Iraqi waters. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine, Baghdad, 6(n.s.)2:48-56, pls. 1-4.

Zardoya, R. and Doadrio, I. 1999. Molecular evidence on the evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of European cyprinids. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 49:227-237.

Zdanowski, B., Lossow, K., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001a. Thermal and oxygen conditions in Iraqi dam reservoirs and lakes. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):19-34.

Zdanowski, B., Lossow, K., Bartel, R. and Szczerbowski, J. A. 2001b. Salinity levels and the trophic state of Iraqi dam reservoirs and lakes. Archiwum Rybactwa Polskiego, 9(supplement 1):35-52.

Zipay, R. 1964. A Turkish killifish. Journal of the American Killifish Association, 1(1):13-14 (reprinted 1977, 10(2):35).

Zivotofsky, A. Z. and Amar, Z. 2006. Identifying the ancient shibuta fish. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 75(3):361-363.

Zorzi, G. D. 1995. The biology of freshwater elasmobranchs: an historical perspective. Journal of Aquariculture and Aquatic Sciences, 7:10-31.

Top

© Brian W. Coad (www.briancoad.com)